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Gas Exhange And Transport In Plants & Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vascular tissue in animals?

A

Blood

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2
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue in plants?

A

Xylem and phloem

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3
Q

What does xylem conduct?

A

Water and mineral ions upwards

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4
Q

What does phloem translocate?

A

Sucrose and amino acids from the leaves to the rest of the plant

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5
Q

Where are xylem and phloem located in the roots?

A

In the centre tissues, star-shaped structure

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6
Q

What is the advantage of the central position of xylem and phloem in roots?

A

Provides strength and support to the root

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The tissue that conducts water and mineral ions upwards is called _______.

A

Xylem

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: The tissue that translocates sucrose and amino acids from the leaves is called _______.

A

Phloem

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9
Q

Label the following in a cross-section of a dicot root: cortex, endodermis, epidermis, phloem, root hair.

A

Cortex, endodermis, epidermis, phloem, root hair

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10
Q

What is the arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem?

A

Xylem & phloem arranged in a ring surrounding xylem inside of bundle phloem is on outside the bundle

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11
Q

What is the advantage of the ring arrangement of vascular bundles?

A

Provides structural support & flexibility

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12
Q

List the components of a primary dicotyledon stem

A
  • Epidermis
  • Collenchyma
  • Cortex
  • Pith
  • Vascular bundle
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13
Q

What are the components of a vascular bundle?

A
  • Xylem
  • Vascular cambium
  • Bundle sheath
  • Phloem
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14
Q

Describe the distribution of vascular tissues in leaves

A

Xylem on upper side & phloem on under side

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15
Q

What is the advantage of the vascular tissue distribution in leaves?

A

Transports water & nutrients to the leaf cells and distributes sugars

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16
Q

What are the two functions of the xylem?

A
  • To transport water and dissolved minerals
  • Provide mechanical strength and support to the plant
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17
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the xylem?

A
  • Vessels
  • Tracheids
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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The vascular bundles in stems are arranged in a _______.

A

[ring arrangement]

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19
Q

True or False: The xylem is located on the upper side of the leaf.

A

True

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20
Q

What is the thick component of the cell wall that contains lignin?

A

Thick cell wall containing lignin

Lignin provides structural support and rigidity to the plant cell walls.

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21
Q

What is the thin area of the cell wall called where pits are located?

A

Thin area of cell wall (pit)

Pits allow for the movement of water and nutrients between cells.

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22
Q

What is the space within the xylem vessel that contains no cytoplasm?

A

Space containing no cytoplasm

This space allows for efficient transport of water.

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23
Q

What is the gap where the end wall of a cell has been lost?

A

Gap where end wall of cell has been lost

This feature aids in the continuity of water transport through xylem vessels.

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24
Q

What type of section shows the longitudinal arrangement of the xylem vessel?

A

Longitudinal section

This view helps in understanding the arrangement of cells in the xylem.

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25
What is the structure in flowering plants that has cell walls full of lignin?
Sylem vessel ## Footnote These vessels are specialized for water conduction in plants.
26
What are the two types of water-conducting cells found in the xylem?
Vessel elements and tracheids ## Footnote Both types facilitate the movement of water in plants.
27
What type of plants have end walls in their xylem cells?
Ferns, conifers, flowering plants ## Footnote Mosses do not have these end walls, which affects their water transport efficiency.
28
What is the shape of the thick-walled cells found in the xylem?
Spindle shaped ## Footnote This shape contributes to the structural integrity of the xylem.
29
What path does water take as it moves up the plant through the xylem?
Twisting path ## Footnote This less efficient path is due to the structure of the xylem.
30
What are three uses of water in plants?
- Photosynthesis - Transport medium - Maintains turgid pressure ## Footnote Each of these functions is crucial for plant health and growth.
31
What is the process called that involves evaporation of water vapor from leaves via stomata?
Transpiration ## Footnote Transpiration is essential for nutrient transport and temperature regulation in plants.
32
True or False: The loss of water through transpiration must be offset by the replacement of water from the soil.
True ## Footnote This balance is critical for maintaining plant hydration and overall health.
33
How are root hair cells adapted for the uptake of water and minerals?
Root hair cells are adapted through their large surface area, thin walls, selective membranes, active transport powered by mitochondria, and close contact with soil particles. ## Footnote These adaptations enhance the efficiency of water and mineral absorption from the soil.
34
What are the three main pathways for water movement through plant roots?
* Apoplast Pathway: Water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces without entering the cytoplasm. * Symplast Pathway: Water travels through the cytoplasm of adjacent cells via plasmodesmata. * Vacuolar Pathway: Water passes from vacuole to vacuole within cells. ## Footnote These pathways facilitate efficient water movement toward the xylem.
35
What is the Apoplast Pathway?
Water moves through the cell walls and intercellular spaces without entering the cytoplasm, bypassing the plasma membrane. ## Footnote This route is passive until blocked by the Casparian strip in the endodermis.
36
What is the Symplast Pathway?
Water travels through the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, connected by plasmodesmata. ## Footnote This route involves water crossing the plasma membrane initially.
37
What is the Vacuolar Pathway?
Water passes from vacuole to vacuole within cells, involving crossing the tonoplast in addition to the plasma membrane. ## Footnote This pathway is less common than the others.
38
Why must water cross the root to enter the xylem through vacuolar or symplastic pathways?
Because the Casparian strip blocks the apoplastic pathway, ensuring selective absorption of nutrients. ## Footnote This mechanism helps regulate the flow of water and solutes into the xylem.
39
What causes water to move from the endodermal cells of the root to the xylem?
* Osmosis, driven by lower water potential in the xylem. * Root pressure created by the active transport of ions. ## Footnote These factors together facilitate the movement of water into the xylem.
40
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a region surrounding the vascular tissue in the center of the root.
[Pericycle]
41
True or False: The apoplast pathway is the fastest route for water movement in plant roots.
True ## Footnote The apoplast pathway allows for rapid water movement due to its passive nature.
42
What is translocation
Movement of the soluble products of photosynthesis through the phloem, from sources to sinks. These soluble products include sucrose and amino acids
43
What is source
Place where a substance is synthesised or generated. Leaves
44
What is a sink in translocation
A place where a substance is used. Areas of a plant which use photosynthesis products for growth of new tissue or storage: roots
45
Where does translocation occur
Phloem- stem and veins of flowering plants - translocating materials up, down or sideways in the plant
46
What does the xylem do
Transport water upwards
47
What sort of biological molecules are transported in the phloem
Sucrose, amino acids, hormones
48
What passes through the sieve plates
Phloem sap- mixture of sucrose, hormones, amino acids & other solutes dissolved in water
49
How are sieve tubes adapted to create space for transporting materials
Lacks nucleus & most organelles allowing more space for phloem sap, Cytoplasm is reduced to a thin layer around edges
50
What role to companionship cells play
Provides metabolic support to sieve tube elements. Produce ATP & enzymes necessary for active transport of solutes. Help load & unload sucrose in & out phloem
51
What are the 3 indications that companion cells are very metabolically active
Contain many mitochondria- high energy demand. Dense cytoplasm- rich in enzymes of active transport. Numerous plasmodesmata- connecting to sieve tubes for efficient exchange
52
How do companion cells connect to the sieve tube elements
Through plasmodesmata
53
What muscles are involved in normal inspiration?
Diaphragm External intercostal muscles
54
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
It contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
55
How do the external intercostal muscles contribute to inspiration?
They contract, lifting the ribcage up and out to increase thoracic cavity volume.
56
Name an accessory muscle involved in forced inspiration.
Scalenes
57
What happens to pressure inside the lungs during inspiration?
It decreases below atmospheric pressure, drawing air in.
58
What are the key features of an efficient gas exchange surface?
Large surface area Thin, permeable surfaces Moist surfaces Steep concentration gradient
59
Where does gas exchange occur in fish?
Across gill lamellae in a counter-current flow system.
60
How do insects carry out gas exchange?
Through a tracheal system where air enters via spiracles and diffuses directly to cells.
61
What structure in mammals is responsible for gas exchange?
Alveoli in lungs
62
How do amphibians exchange gases?
Through their moist skin and lungs.

Biology (13 decks)

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