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Chapter 42 > Gas Exchange and Circulation > Flashcards

Gas Exchange and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Unicellular

A

directly exchange with environment

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2
Q

Multicellular

A

direct exchange with environment is not possible

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3
Q

Exchange occurs at what level?

A

Occur at cellular level by crossing the plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is an example of a specialized exchange system in animals?

A

Gills

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5
Q

Relating to gills, how does O2 diffuse?

A

O2 diffuses from water into blood vessels

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6
Q

Relating to gills, how does CO2 diffuse?

A

CO2 diffuses from blood into water

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7
Q

Internal transport and gas exchange are functionally related to animals. True or False

A

True

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8
Q

All animals have a circulatory system. True or False

A

False. Some animal lack a circulatory system

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9
Q

A gastrovascular cavities functions in both…

A

digestion and distribution of substances throughout body

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10
Q

Gastrovascular cavities are only one cell wall thick. True or false

A

False. The body wall that encloses the gastrovascular cavity is only TWO cells thick.

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11
Q

Do flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity?

A

Yes. Flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity and a large surface area to volume ratio

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12
Q

Three main parts of a circulatory system:

A 
Circulatory fluid
Set interconnecting vessels
Muscular pump (heart)
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13
Q

Are circulatory systems open or closed?

A

Circulatory systems can be open or closed (vary number of circuits in the body)

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14
Q

Circulatory systems function:

A

connects fluid that surrounds cells with organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, and disposes of wastes

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15
Q

Open circulatory system

A
  • bathes organs directly

- no direction between blood and interstitial fluid and (general body fluid called hemolymph)

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16
Q

In what animals is it common to have a open circulatory system?

A

Arthropods, most molluscs, and insects

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17
Q

Closed circulatory system

A
  • confined to vessels and directional from interstitial fluid
  • More efficient at transporting fluids to tissues and cells
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18
Q

In what animals it it common to have a closed circulatory system?

A

Annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates

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19
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

closed circulatory system humans and vertebrates have

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20
Q

Main type of blood vessels:

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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21
Q

Arteries

A

Branch from arterioles and carry blood away from the heart

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22
Q

Veins

A

Venules converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart

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23
Q

Capillaries

A

Capillary beds- network of capillaries, site of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

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24
Q

How many chambers do vertebrate hearts contain?

A

Vertebrate hearts contain two or more chambers

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25
Q

What vessels are distinguished by the direction of blood flow not by O2 content?

A

Arteries and veins

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26
Q

Blood enters an _____ and is pumped out through a ______

A

atrium and ventricle

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27
Q

Single circulation

A

blood leaving the heart passes thru two capillary beds before returning

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28
Q

Common animals known to have single circulation with two chamber hearts:

A

bony fish, rays, sharks,

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29
Q

Animals known to have double circulation:

A

Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

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30
Q

Double Circulation

A

Oxygen-poor and rich blood are umped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

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31
Q

In reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood flows through the ______ to pick up oxygen through lungs

A

Pulmonary circuit

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32
Q

In amphibians, oxygen- poor blood flows through the ________ to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin

A

Pulmocutaneous circuit

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33
Q

In what animals is it common to have a three-chamber heart?

A

Turtles, snakes, lizards, frogs, and other amphibians

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34
Q

How does a three- chamber heart function?

A
  • The ventricle pumps blood into a forked artery that splits the ventricle’s output into the pulmocutaneous circuit and the systemic circuit
  • Blood flow to lungs is nearly shut off
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35
Q

Reptiles have double circulation, with a pulmonary circuit (lungs) and a systemic circuit. True or false

A

True

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36
Q

Form of a three-chamber heart

A

a three-chambered heart: two atria and one ventricle

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37
Q

Alligators, caimans and other crocodilians have a septum that divides the ventricle. True or false

A

True

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38
Q

Reptiles (except birds) have a double- circulation. True or False

A

True. Retiles have double circulation, with pulmonary circuit (lungs) and systemic circuit.

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39
Q

What kind of chambered heart do birds and mammals have?

A

Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart with two aria and two ventricles

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40
Q

How does a four-chambered heart function?

A

The left side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood, while the right side receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood

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41
Q

Ectotherms require more O2 than endotherms. True or False

A

False. Mammals and birds are endotherms and require more O2 than ectotherms

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42
Q

How does the blood flow in a mammalian circulatory system?

A

Blood begins its flow with the right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs
In the lungs, the blood loads O2 and unloads CO2
Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart at the left atrium and is pumped through the aorta to the body tissues by the left ventricle
The aorta provides blood to the heart through the coronary arteries
Blood returns to the heart through the superior vena cava (blood from head, neck, and forelimbs) and inferior vena cava (blood from trunk and hind limbs)
The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava flow into the right atrium

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43
Q

cardiac cycle

A

The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

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44
Q

diastole

A

relaxation or filling of the heart

45
Q

systole

A

contraction or pumping of the heart

46
Q

heart rate (pulse)

A

number of heart beats per minute

47
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

48
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume

49
Q

How many valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart?

A

Four valves

50
Q

What do the atrioventricular (AV) valves do?

A

separate each atrium and ventricle

51
Q

Semilunar valves

A

control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery

52
Q

The “lub-dup” sound of a heart beat is caused by the…

A

recoil of blood against the AV valves (lub) then against the semilunar (dup) valves

53
Q

What causes heart murmurs?

A

backflow of blood through a defective valve

54
Q

What does the sinoatrial (SA) node, or natural pacemaker do?

A

sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract

55
Q

What does it mean when cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable?

A

contract without any signal from the nervous system

56
Q

What are electrocardiograms (ECG or EKG) used for?

A

record impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle

57
Q

Where do impulses from the SA node travel to?

A

the atrioventricular (AV) node

58
Q

Where do the impulses travel after the AV node?

A

to the Purkinje fibers that make the ventricles contract

59
Q

The sympathetic division

A

speeds up the pacemaker

60
Q

What two portions of the nervous system regulate the pacemaker?

A
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic
    divisions
  • hormones and temperature
61
Q

The parasympathetic division

A

slows down the pacemaker

62
Q

What is the epithelial layer that lines blood vessels is called?

A

the endothelium

  • endothelium is smooth and minimizes resistance
63
Q

What is a vessel’s cavity called?

A

central lumen

64
Q

Plasma proteins function in

A
  • Lipid transport, immunity, and blood clotting
65
Q

Lymph nodes are:

A
  • Organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body’s defense
66
Q

What do valves in lymph vessels prevent?

A
  • Backflow of fluid
67
Q

Lymph:

A
  • Fluid reenters the circulation directly at the venous end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the lymphatic system
68
Q

Lymphatic system:

A

Returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds

- Drains into veins in the neck

69
Q

Platelets are

A
  • A third cellular element, are fragments of cells that are involved in clotting
70
Q

Blood supply varies in many other sites. True or False

A

True

71
Q

Most blood proteins and all blood cells are too large to pass through the endothelium. True or False

A
  • True
72
Q

What percent of blood plasma is water?

A
  • About 90% water
73
Q

Edema is:

A
  • Swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph
74
Q

Plasma:

A
  • Liquid matrix blood consists of several kinds of cells suspended
75
Q

Endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue are all element of what blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries and veins
76
Q

What percent of cellular elements occupy the volume of blood?

A
  • 45 percent
77
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A
  • Transport oxygen O2
78
Q

How is blood pressure determined?

A
  • By cardiac output and peripheral resistance due to constriction of arterioles
79
Q

Vasoconstriction

A
  • Is the contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls; it increases blood pressure
80
Q

Thrombus is:

A
  • A blood clot formed within a blood vessel and can block blood flow
81
Q

What forms a clot?

A
  • A cascade of complex reactions converts inactive fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot
82
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  • Function in defense
83
Q

Coagulation is:

A
  • The formation of a solid clot from liquid blood
84
Q

Plasma proteins:

A
  • Important class of solutes is the plasma proteins, which influence blood pH, osmotic pressure, and viscosity
85
Q

Inorganic salts in the form of dissolved ions

A

-Electrolytes

86
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • Is the relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles; it causes blood pressure to fall
87
Q

Lungs are an infolding of the body surface

A
  • Circulatory system (open or closed) transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body
  • The size and complexity of lungs correlate with an animal’s metabolic rate
88
Q

Tracheal system of insects

A
  • Tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body
  • Tracheal tubes supply O2 directly to body cells
  • Respiratory and circulatory systems are separate
  • Larger insects must ventilate their tracheal system to meet O2 demands
89
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A
  • Blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets- Fish sill use
90
Q

Ventilation

A
  • Moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

Aquatic animals move through water or move water over their gills for ventilation

91
Q

Partial pressure is

A
  • The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
92
Q

A gas diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure. True or False

A
  • True
  • Example. Gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs and other organs as a result of differences in partial pressure
93
Q

Why do capillaries have thin wall? And what are the walls called?

A
  • To facilitate the exchange of materials

- Endothelium and basal lamina

94
Q

Gas exchange

A
  • Supplies O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2
95
Q

What is the function of one-way valves in veins?

A
  • Prevent backflow of blood

- Assist in return of deoxygenated blood

96
Q

Do arteries have thicker walls than veins? True or False

A
  • True. To accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart
97
Q

What is blood pressure?

A
  • Blood pressure is the pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel
98
Q

What does hemoglobin also help do in the body?

A

helps transport CO2 and assists in buffering the blood

99
Q

Respiratory pigments:

A

proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

Examples
-Arthropods and many molluscs have hemocyanin with copper as the oxygen-binding component
Most vertebrates and some invertebrates use hemoglobin
In vertebrates, hemoglobin is contained within erythrocytes

100
Q

vital capacity

A

The maximum tidal volume

101
Q

Bohr shift

A

CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

102
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

pulls air into the lungs what mammals do to ventilate their lungs

103
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled with each breath

104
Q

residual volume

A

After exhalation, amount of air that remains in the lungs

105
Q

positive pressure breathing

A

forces air down the trachea what an amphibian such as a frog ventilates its lungs

106
Q

breathing is

A

The process that ventilates the lungs, the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air

107
Q

Air passes through the…

A

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs

108
Q

“mucus escalator”

A

cleans the respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus

(Cilia and mucus line the epithelium of the air ducts and move particles up to the pharynx)

Chapter 42 (2 decks)

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