GAS exchange Flashcards
Which of the following structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Pharynx
D. Alveoli
Answer: C. Pharynx
Rationale: The pharynx is part of the upper respiratory tract, while the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli are part of the lower respiratory tract.
What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?
A. Air filtration
B. Producing surfactant
C. Clearing bacteria and debris from the alveoli
D. Controlling airway resistance
Answer: C. Clearing bacteria and debris from the alveoli
Rationale: Alveolar macrophages are responsible for cleaning up debris and pathogens in the alveoli.
What is the most appropriate oxygen delivery device for a patient needing 1-6 L/min of oxygen?
A. Venturi mask
B. Simple face mask
C. High-flow nasal cannula
D. Nasal cannula
Answer: D. Nasal cannula
Rationale: A nasal cannula is typically used for low-flow oxygen delivery at 1-6 L/min.
Which age group is more prone to a lack of surfactant production?
A. Older adults
B. Adolescents
C. Full-term infants
D. Premature infants
Answer: D. Premature infants
Rationale: Premature infants often lack surfactant, which is critical for keeping the alveoli open.
Which of the following is an early sign of inadequate oxygenation?
A. Coma
B. Cyanosis
C. Tachycardia
D. Hypotension
Answer: C. Tachycardia
Rationale: Tachycardia is an early sign, whereas coma, cyanosis, and hypotension are late signs.
Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for impaired gas exchange? (Select all that apply)
A. Age
B. Tobacco use
C. Obesity
D. Air pollution
E. Physical inactivity
Answers: B. Tobacco use, C. Obesity, E. Physical inactivity
Rationale: Age and air pollution are non-modifiable risk factors, while tobacco use, obesity, and physical inactivity are modifiable.
Which conditions can lead to coarse crackles on auscultation? (Select all that apply)
A. Pulmonary edema
B. COPD
C. Pneumonia
D. Asthma
Answers: A. Pulmonary edema, B. COPD, C. Pneumonia
Rationale: Coarse crackles are often heard in conditions with fluid accumulation such as pulmonary edema, COPD, and pneumonia
What are some signs of respiratory distress in pediatric patients? (Select all that apply)
A. Retractions
B. Nasal flaring
C. Tachypnea
D. Cyanosis
Answers: A. Retractions, B. Nasal flaring, C. Tachypnea, D. Cyanosis
Rationale: These are all signs of respiratory distress in pediatric patients.
Which of the following are primary prevention strategies for impaired gas exchange? (Select all that apply)
A. Smoking cessation
B. Immunizations
C. Oxygen therapy
D. Airway suctioning
Answers: A. Smoking cessation, B. Immunizations
Rationale: Primary prevention includes smoking cessation and immunizations, while oxygen therapy and airway suctioning are management strategies.
Which diagnostic tests are used to evaluate gas exchange? (Select all that apply)
A. ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
B. Chest X-ray
C. MRI of the abdomen
D. Complete blood count (CBC)
Answers: A. ABG, B. Chest X-ray, D. Complete blood count (CBC)
Rationale: ABG, chest X-ray, and CBC are used to assess gas exchange, while MRI of the abdomen is not relevant.
Premature infants often lack the surfactant necessary for proper lung function.
True
False
Answer: True
Rationale: Premature infants often lack surfactant, which helps keep their alveoli open for effective gas exchange.
Older adults have decreased chest wall compliance, which contributes to a higher risk of respiratory issues.
True
False
Answer: True
Rationale: Aging results in decreased chest wall compliance, increasing the risk of respiratory issues in older adults.
Increased metabolic rate in children does not affect their oxygen needs.
True
False
Answer: False
Rationale: Children have an increased metabolic rate, which results in higher oxygen needs.
Fine crackles are associated with conditions such as interstitial edema and early heart failure.
True
False
Answer: True
Rationale: Fine crackles are heard in conditions like interstitial edema and early heart failure.
Smoking cessation has no effect on gas exchange or respiratory health.
True
False
Answer: False
Rationale: Smoking cessation greatly improves respiratory health and gas exchange by reducing damage to lung tissues.
Which of the following mechanisms control respiration?
A. Chemoreceptors and mechanical receptors
B. Alveolar macrophages
C. Ventilation and perfusion
D. Cough reflex
Answer: A. Chemoreceptors and mechanical receptors
Rationale: Respiration is controlled by both chemoreceptors, which monitor CO2 levels, and mechanical receptors, which respond to lung stretch.
What is the normal pH range for arterial blood gas?
A. 7.10-7.20
B. 7.35-7.45
C. 7.50-7.60
D. 7.80-7.90
Answer: B. 7.35-7.45
Rationale: The normal pH range for arterial blood gas is 7.35-7.45.
Which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia?
A. Restlessness
B. Cyanosis
C. Tachycardia
D. Increased urine output
Answer: B. Cyanosis
Rationale: Cyanosis is a late sign of hypoxia, whereas restlessness and tachycardia are early signs.
What condition is indicated by wheezing during auscultation?
A. Heart failure
B. Bronchospasm
C. Pleural effusion
D. Stridor
Answer: B. Bronchospasm
Rationale: Wheezing is commonly associated with bronchospasm and airway obstruction.
Which of the following is the most critical consequence of untreated gas exchange impairment?
A. Anemia
B. Hypoxemia
C. Cyanosis
D. Death
Answer: D. Death
Rationale: Untreated gas exchange impairment can lead to severe hypoxemia, tissue death, and ultimately, death.
Which lung sounds indicate a potential need for immediate intervention? (Select all that apply)
A. Stridor
B. Coarse crackles
C. Fine crackles
D. Friction rub
Answers: A. Stridor, B. Coarse crackles
Rationale: Stridor indicates airway obstruction, and coarse crackles may indicate fluid overload, both requiring immediate attention.
Which of the following factors can contribute to impaired gas exchange in an immobilized patient? (Select all that apply)
A. Altered level of consciousness
B. Bed rest
C. Smoking
D. Air pollution
Answers: A. Altered level of consciousness, B. Bed rest
Rationale: Bed rest and altered LOC increase the risk of impaired ventilation, which can impair gas exchange.
