GAS exchange

Question 1

Which of the following structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?

A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Pharynx
D. Alveoli

Answer 1

Answer: C. Pharynx
Rationale: The pharynx is part of the upper respiratory tract, while the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli are part of the lower respiratory tract.

Question 2

What is the primary function of alveolar macrophages?

A. Air filtration
B. Producing surfactant
C. Clearing bacteria and debris from the alveoli
D. Controlling airway resistance

Answer 2

Answer: C. Clearing bacteria and debris from the alveoli
Rationale: Alveolar macrophages are responsible for cleaning up debris and pathogens in the alveoli.

Question 3

What is the most appropriate oxygen delivery device for a patient needing 1-6 L/min of oxygen?

A. Venturi mask
B. Simple face mask
C. High-flow nasal cannula
D. Nasal cannula

Answer 3

Answer: D. Nasal cannula
Rationale: A nasal cannula is typically used for low-flow oxygen delivery at 1-6 L/min.

Question 4

Which age group is more prone to a lack of surfactant production?

A. Older adults
B. Adolescents
C. Full-term infants
D. Premature infants

Answer 4

Answer: D. Premature infants
Rationale: Premature infants often lack surfactant, which is critical for keeping the alveoli open.

Question 5

Which of the following is an early sign of inadequate oxygenation?

A. Coma
B. Cyanosis
C. Tachycardia
D. Hypotension

Answer 5

Answer: C. Tachycardia
Rationale: Tachycardia is an early sign, whereas coma, cyanosis, and hypotension are late signs.

Question 6

Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for impaired gas exchange? (Select all that apply)

A. Age
B. Tobacco use
C. Obesity
D. Air pollution
E. Physical inactivity

Answer 6

Answers: B. Tobacco use, C. Obesity, E. Physical inactivity
Rationale: Age and air pollution are non-modifiable risk factors, while tobacco use, obesity, and physical inactivity are modifiable.

Question 7

Which conditions can lead to coarse crackles on auscultation? (Select all that apply)

A. Pulmonary edema
B. COPD
C. Pneumonia
D. Asthma

Answer 7

Answers: A. Pulmonary edema, B. COPD, C. Pneumonia
Rationale: Coarse crackles are often heard in conditions with fluid accumulation such as pulmonary edema, COPD, and pneumonia

Question 8

What are some signs of respiratory distress in pediatric patients? (Select all that apply)

A. Retractions
B. Nasal flaring
C. Tachypnea
D. Cyanosis

Answer 8

Answers: A. Retractions, B. Nasal flaring, C. Tachypnea, D. Cyanosis
Rationale: These are all signs of respiratory distress in pediatric patients.

Question 9

Which of the following are primary prevention strategies for impaired gas exchange? (Select all that apply)

A. Smoking cessation
B. Immunizations
C. Oxygen therapy
D. Airway suctioning

Answer 9

Answers: A. Smoking cessation, B. Immunizations
Rationale: Primary prevention includes smoking cessation and immunizations, while oxygen therapy and airway suctioning are management strategies.

Question 10

Which diagnostic tests are used to evaluate gas exchange? (Select all that apply)

A. ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
B. Chest X-ray
C. MRI of the abdomen
D. Complete blood count (CBC)

Answer 10

Answers: A. ABG, B. Chest X-ray, D. Complete blood count (CBC)
Rationale: ABG, chest X-ray, and CBC are used to assess gas exchange, while MRI of the abdomen is not relevant.

Question 11

Premature infants often lack the surfactant necessary for proper lung function.

True
False

Answer 11

Answer: True
Rationale: Premature infants often lack surfactant, which helps keep their alveoli open for effective gas exchange.

Question 12

Older adults have decreased chest wall compliance, which contributes to a higher risk of respiratory issues.

True
False

Answer 12

Answer: True
Rationale: Aging results in decreased chest wall compliance, increasing the risk of respiratory issues in older adults.

Question 13

Increased metabolic rate in children does not affect their oxygen needs.

True
False

Answer 13

Answer: False
Rationale: Children have an increased metabolic rate, which results in higher oxygen needs.

Question 14

Fine crackles are associated with conditions such as interstitial edema and early heart failure.

True
False

Answer 14

Answer: True
Rationale: Fine crackles are heard in conditions like interstitial edema and early heart failure.

Question 15

Smoking cessation has no effect on gas exchange or respiratory health.

True
False

Answer 15

Answer: False
Rationale: Smoking cessation greatly improves respiratory health and gas exchange by reducing damage to lung tissues.

Question 16

Which of the following mechanisms control respiration?

A. Chemoreceptors and mechanical receptors
B. Alveolar macrophages
C. Ventilation and perfusion
D. Cough reflex

Answer 16

Answer: A. Chemoreceptors and mechanical receptors
Rationale: Respiration is controlled by both chemoreceptors, which monitor CO2 levels, and mechanical receptors, which respond to lung stretch.

Question 17

What is the normal pH range for arterial blood gas?

A. 7.10-7.20
B. 7.35-7.45
C. 7.50-7.60
D. 7.80-7.90

Answer 17

Answer: B. 7.35-7.45
Rationale: The normal pH range for arterial blood gas is 7.35-7.45.

Question 18

Which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia?

A. Restlessness
B. Cyanosis
C. Tachycardia
D. Increased urine output

Answer 18

Answer: B. Cyanosis
Rationale: Cyanosis is a late sign of hypoxia, whereas restlessness and tachycardia are early signs.

Question 19

What condition is indicated by wheezing during auscultation?

A. Heart failure
B. Bronchospasm
C. Pleural effusion
D. Stridor

Answer 19

Answer: B. Bronchospasm
Rationale: Wheezing is commonly associated with bronchospasm and airway obstruction.

Question 20

Which of the following is the most critical consequence of untreated gas exchange impairment?

A. Anemia
B. Hypoxemia
C. Cyanosis
D. Death

Answer 20

Answer: D. Death
Rationale: Untreated gas exchange impairment can lead to severe hypoxemia, tissue death, and ultimately, death.

Question 21

Which lung sounds indicate a potential need for immediate intervention? (Select all that apply)

A. Stridor
B. Coarse crackles
C. Fine crackles
D. Friction rub

Answer 21

Answers: A. Stridor, B. Coarse crackles
Rationale: Stridor indicates airway obstruction, and coarse crackles may indicate fluid overload, both requiring immediate attention.

Question 22

Which of the following factors can contribute to impaired gas exchange in an immobilized patient? (Select all that apply)

A. Altered level of consciousness
B. Bed rest
C. Smoking
D. Air pollution

Answer 22

Answers: A. Altered level of consciousness, B. Bed rest
Rationale: Bed rest and altered LOC increase the risk of impaired ventilation, which can impair gas exchange.