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biology- component 3 > Gas Excahange > Flashcards

Gas Excahange Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main factors that affect the need for gaseous exchange

A

volume, level of activity, surface area:volume

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2
Q

why does the volume effect gaseous exchange

A

increased layers of cell means less oxygen can diffuse as outer cells use it up

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3
Q

why does the level of activity effect gaseous exchange

A

more activity/ animals that need to keep warm, require larger aounts of oxygen and nutrients to supply energy

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4
Q

why does the surface area : volume effect gaseous exchange

A

larger sa:v means quicker diffusion

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5
Q

why do very small orgamisms not need seperate transport systems

A

their cells are surrounded by the environment so can rely on diffusion

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6
Q

when is a gaseous exchange system needed as diffusion is too slow

A

if an organism is more than 2 cells thick

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7
Q

examples of a unicellular organism

A

amoeba

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8
Q

what diffusion does a unicellular organism use and how is it adapted

A

simple diffusion
large sa:v due to pseudopodia (projections)

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9
Q

examples of small multicellular orgamisms

A

flat and earth worms

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10
Q

characterists of flat worms

A
  • flat- large sa:v
  • short diffusion pathway
  • simple diffusion
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11
Q

characteristics of earthworms

A
  • cylindrical
  • a circulatpry sustem including haemoglobin needed
  • low oxygen requirement
  • moist skin- gases can dissolve to move faster across membrane
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12
Q

features of gas exchange

A
  • thin/ diffusions distance- faster as not far to travel
  • permeable- gases can pass through
  • large sa- gases have more area to diffuse over
  • moist- gases can dissolve to pass membarne
  • steep conc. gradient- faster diffusion
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13
Q

whats needed for gaseous exchange in large multicellular organisms

A

specialised exchange organs as diffusion distance too large- slow diffusion

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14
Q

examples of specialised excahnge organs

A

insects- tracheae
fish- gills
birds, reptiles, mammals- lungs

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15
Q

what is apart of the anatomy of insects

A
  • head
  • thorax
  • spiracles
  • abdomen
  • tracheae
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16
Q

what is the thorax

A

the middle segment, behind the head and before the abdomen

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17
Q

what are spiracles

A

small set of tubes for gas exchange

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18
Q

what are the tracheae

A

air filled tubes which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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19
Q

what are trachioles

A

they deliver oxygen to the cells and tissues of the insect.

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20
Q

what are the spiracles in the thorax called

A

thoracic spiracles

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21
Q

what are the spiracles in the abdomen called

A

abdominal spiracles

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22
Q

features of tracheae

A
  • ridged with chitin
  • strong to hold tubes open
  • impermeable to gases
  • no gas excahnge
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23
Q

whats the pathway of gas in an insect to cells

A

spiracles- tracheae- trachioles - through gas excahange surface (on cell surface/ penetrate cells) - eg muscle cells

24
Q

what happens in trachioles at rest

A

end of trachioles are fluid filled to slow down gas diffusion into muscle as arent needing as much oxygen

25
what happens in trachioles during exercise/more active
as it runs out of oxygen (respire anaerobically) the muscle cell makes lactic acid (solute) which lowers water potential in cells so fluid moves out of trachioles by osmosis into cells - more efficient diffusion as gas is in contact with muscle cell
26
what adaptations do spiracles have
- valves to reduce water loss - high co2- valves open so oxygen enters rapidly
27
what are two type of fish
bony and cartillaginous
28
characteristics of bony fish
- sea and fresh water - bone skeleton - covered in scales- no gas exchange through surface - gas excahnge incolves counter-current system - conatin gills in opercular cavity
29
adaptations of gills
- made up of numerous folds, proving a large surface area for max gas excahnge - good blood supply- mainatin conc. gradient - thin layer of cells sereparte blood from outside water- short diffusion pathway
30
characteristics of cartillaginous fish
- skeleton made of cartilage - live in sea - covered in scales - contain gill clefts - gas exchange involves parallel system- water and blood travel in same direction
31
what are apart of the gill structure
- 4 pairs of gills in the pharynx (throat) - each gill supported by a bony gill arch - along each gill is a double row of gill filaments - each gill filament has gill plates- gill plates are gas exchange surfaces
32
function of gill filaments
provide large sa, filled with blood so short diffusion pathway
33
function of gill arch
bony structure supports the gill filaments and rakers
34
function of gill rakers
filter water and trap prey (small zooplankton and fish)
35
adaptations of gill plates
- numeroud plates- large sa - good blood supply- conc. gradient - thin layer of cells- short diffusion pathway - always moist
36
how is oxygen and co2 moved around the fish (bony)
- blood passes through tiny cappilaries in gill plates - oxygen passes through into cappilaries and co2 passes out into water - blood vessel carry oxygenated blood
37
why cant fish live outside of water
- the gill filaments and gill plates will stick together due to cohesion (H bonds form) as theyre moist- sa decreases and gas excahnge is less efficient
38
how do fish inhale
- mouth opens - operculum (gill cover/valves) closes - floor of mouth cavity is lowered - volue of mouth cavity increases and pressure falls - water flows into the mouth
39
how do fish exhale
- mouth closes - operculum closes - floor of mouth cavity decreases and pressure increases - water flows out of the gills
40
how do amphibians do gas excahnge
eg tadpoles- gills (external) frogs- lungs and gas exchange surface
41
adapations of tadpole gills
- highly branched - short pathway - vascularised - movement provides water current
42
where are the lungs in mammals located
thorax
43
whats the trachea structure
- cartilage (incomplete/c shaped)- provides protection, prevent it from collapsing during inspiration - smooth muscle and elastic fibres- controls the amount of air that enters - ciliated epithelium with goblet cells- waft debris out of trachea, produces muscus
44
why is cartilage in tachea c shaped
so doesnt obstruct the oesophagus from expanding
45
adaptions of the alveoli
- large sa- greater diffusion area for gas excahnge - moist- gas can dissolve in moisture and diffuse through the epithelial lining - thin walls- short diffusion pathway - well ventelated- ventilation movement ensure air is inhaled and exhaled from lungs - good bloos supply- covered in capillaries - diffusion gradients are maintained- blood is removing co2 and brining in o2
46
how do elastic fibres work
- stretch when inhaling so alveoli can expand and incraese sa - recoil when exhaling which helps force air out
47
what is surfactant
a phosolipid protein thats secreted into alvealus to ensure alveoli dont stick together
48
what is ventilation
the process controlled by difference in pressure between the atmopshere and inside the lungs
49
structure of the lungs
- surrounded by 2 plural membranes - fluid filled space bewteen membranes called plueral cavity - pleural membranes ensire thoras is airtight - pleural fluid lubricates movement and act as a shock absorbent
50
what is the process of inspiration
- external intercostal muscles contract, pulling ribcade upwards and outwards - diaphragm contracts, pull it from a domed to flattened shape - combined effect- volume of thorax and lungs increase, pressure is reduced, air enters and goes down pressure gradients
51
what is the process of expiration
- external intercostal muscles relax and the ribcage falls under its own weight - diaphragm relaxes and gut pressure pushes it back into its domed shape - elastic recoil of lung tissue - combined effect- volume of thorax and lungs decrease, pressure increased, airs forced out
52
What are air sacs in insects
Storage of air for gas exchange
53
Why is chitin in the exoskeleton of insects
- tough (heavy) -Strengthened by calcium carbonate -can’t diffuse gas so needs spiracles - waterproof and protection
54
How do insects inspire
- the thoracic and first 2 abdominal spiracles open, the 6 other abdominal spiracles are closed - the abdomen expands causing an increase in volume and a decades in pressure - air flows in
55
How do insects expire
- the thoracic spiracles and first 2 abdominal spiracles close, the other abdominal spiracles open - the abdomen retracts causing a decrease in volume and increase in pressure - air flows in
56
characteristics of a counter current system
- water flows in opposite direction to blood flow- to maintain concentration gradient - more than 80% oxygen from water is absorbed
57
characteristics of parallel system
- water and blood flow in same direction - oxygen diffuses from waste into blood till equilibrium is reacted so diffusion stops - only 50% oxygen absorbed

biology- component 3 (5 decks)

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