Gaps in Knowledge Flashcards
What are primary drives in drive-reduction theory?
Those that motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes
What are secondary drives in drive-reduction theory?
Those that motivate us to fulfill non biological desires, like emotions or learning
What is a Zero-Sum Game
A situation in which one person’s gain is equivalent to another’s loss, so the net change in wealth or benefit is zero.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? What is an example? What is its downfall?
First response = NS arousal
Second response = conscious emotion
–> I must be angry since my BP is high
Downfall: if you severe afferent nerves, the level of emotion will not be diminished
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? What is an example? What is its downfall?
First response = NS arousal + conscious emotion (simultaneously and independently)
Second response = action
Example: I am scared because I see a snake and my heart is racing… I need to get out!
Downfall: does not account for afferent nerves, like the vagus one
What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? What is an example? What is its downfall?
First response = NS arousal + cognitive appraisal
Second response = conscious emotion
Example: My heart is racing and everyone around me is happy; this means I am excited!
Downfall: None mentioned
What are 2 other names for the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
- Cognitive arousal theory
2. Two-factor theory
What is the humanistic perspective in personality theories?
Focus on the value of individuals and take a more person-centered approach, describing those ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization –> our personality is the result of the conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain our needs and goals
What kind of therapy is the humanistic perspective in personality theories associated with?
Gestalt therapy: practitioners have a holistic view of the self rather than focusing on individual behaviors or drives
What is proactive interference?
Old information is interfering with new learning
What is retroactive interference?
New information causes the forgetting of old information
Cerebrum VS cerebellum??
Cerebrum: voluntary muscle contraction
Cerebellum: muscle coordination
What is declarative memory?
Episodic + semantic
What is episodic memory?
Events, experiences
What is semantic memory?
Facts, concepts = bank of knowledge
What is nondeclarative memory?
Procedural = skills, tasks
What is Latent inhibition?
Technical term used in classical conditioning to refer to the observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus.
What is the unconditioned response?
the one that is innate or reflexive
What is the rooting reflex?
infant turns head if something brushes his cheek
What is the Moro reflex?
infant extends the arms then slowly retracts and cries in response to a sensation of falling
What is the Babinski reflex?
big toe is extended and the others fan in response to brushing the sole of the foot
What is the grasping reflex?
infant grabs anything to put into her hand
What happens in sensory motor stage? What does it end with? Age?
Circular reactions
Ends with object permanence
0-2
What happens in the preoperational stage? age?
Symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and centration
2-7