Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Major Therapeutic Areas > Gan Shermer > Flashcards

Gan Shermer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

Illness resulting from one of our body’s own cells growing out of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 4 nucleotide bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many hydrogen bonds from A to T

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many hydrogen bonds from G to C

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are codons

A

Code for amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a gene

A

Sequence of bases that code for a particular protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are cancer cells

A

Product of genetic mutations (changes to the DNA code) that set cells free from the usual controls on cell proliferation and survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is metastasis

A

When cancer cells become detached and move through the bloodstream becoming attached elsewhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the G 0 phase

A

Resting phase

Normal cell function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the G1 phase

A

1st growth phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the S phase

A

Synthesis phase

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the G2 phase

A

2nd growth phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the M phase

A

Mitotic phase
Preparation for cell division
Cytokinesis = cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are proliferation genes

A

Encode proteins that promote cell division

Tell the cell to leave the G0 and begin cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are mutant genes called

A

Oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are antiproliferation genes

A

Repress the genes that are essential for the continuing of the cell cycle
Inhibit cell division
Couple the cell cycle to DNA damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are metastasis suppressor

A

Proteins involved in cell adhesion that prevent tumours from dispersing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are apoptosis genes?

A 
Suicide genes
Several genes (proteins) involved in controlling cell death when cells are damaged and faulty
If these genes are damaged the faulty cell can continue dividing
20
Q

What are DNA repair genes?

A

Proteins involved in repairing DNA if it is damaged or wrongly copied

21
Q

What is TP53

A

Codes for p53 protein
Can activate DNA repair proteins
Can hold the cell cycle at G1 /S checkpoint to allow for repair
Can initiate apoptosis

22
Q

What cellular defects are associated with cancer

A

Tissue invasion and metastasis
Abnormalities in cell cycle division
Evasion of apoptosis
Immortality (limitless cell division)
Abnormal signalling pathways
Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
Ability to develop new blood vessels ( angiogenesis)

23
Q

What anticancer therapies are available

A 
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Immunotherapy
Hormone therapy
Gene therapy
24
Q

What do chemotherapy strategies rely on and what are the main targets

A

Cancerous cells reproducing much faster than normal cells
The cell cycle
Angiogenesis

25
Q

What is intrinsic resistance

A

Little response to drug
Slow growth rate
Low uptake

26
Q

What is acquired resistance

A

Drug sensitive cells killed off leaving drug resistance cells to proliferate

27
Q

What are alkylating agents?

A

Highly electrophilic compounds (strong covalent bonds with nucleophiles)
Act directly on nucleic acids
Nitrogen groups in adenine guanine and cytosine
Can also alkylate proteins (poor selectivity)
Can also be mutagenic themselves

28
Q

What are the general strategies of alkylating agents

A

Transfer an alkyl group
Attach directly to DNA
Crosslink bases across double helix

29
Q

What is Busulfan

A

1,4-butanediol, dimethanesulfonate
Used in chronic myeloid leukaemia
Di mesylate (mesclun group is a good leaving group)

30
Q

What is cisplatin

A

Square planar platinum complex

Used in treating lung and ovarian cancers

31
Q

What are the side effects of cisplatin

A 
Severe nausea and vomiting
Nephrotoxicity (kidney damage)
Neurotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Alopecia
32
Q

What is RNA

A

Single stranded
Can carry messages to other parts of the cell
Important in transcription and replication

33
Q

What is tRNA

A

RNA strand synthesised from DNA template

Info from RNA then used to make amino acids/ proteins

34
Q

What are antimetabolites

A

Alkylating agents that act directly on nucleic acids

Act on enzymes (enzymes involved with DNA/nucleotides synthesis)

35
Q

What is the general action of antimetabolites

A

Disrupt the cell cycle

Suicide inhibitors - permanently attach to enzymes causing cell death

36
Q

What are the main types of antimetabolites

A

Folic acid antagonists
Pyrimidine analogues
Purine analogues

37
Q

What are topoisomerases

A

Molecular machines that manage the topological state of the DNA in a cell (how it packs)

38
Q

What do anti tumour antibiotics work

A

Target DNA
Cell cycle non-specific
Generally bacteria derived
Important structural components

39
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Small tubes
Part of cytoskeleton
Made from Tubulin molecules
Crucial in cell division

40
Q

What part of the cell cycle do microtubules interact

A

M phase

41
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

Nuclear envelope breaks down

42
Q

What happens during the prometa and mataphases

A

Spindles align at opposite ends of the cell
Microtubules attach to the condensed chromosomes and centrosome
Chromosomes align along cell equator

43
Q

What happens during ana and telophase

A

Chromosomes separate and are pulled to the poles by shortening microtubules
Nuclear envelope reappears around the separated chromatin

44
Q

What are the two ways microtubules acts

A

To stop microtubules from depolymerising hence forcing the cell to remain in the metaphase
To stop tubulin polymerising halts cell cycle in prophase

45
Q

What are two main classes of anti mitotic drug

A

Taxanes

Vincas

Major Therapeutic Areas (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions