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Medicine > GAMSAT ( High Value Bio Topics) > Flashcards

GAMSAT ( High Value Bio Topics) Flashcards

1
Q

Platelets

A
  • Thrombocytes (yellow blood cells)
  • very small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments
    • Cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA
  • 2-3µm in diameter
  • 5-9 day life span
  • help w/ clotting (through hemostasis) & by releasing threadlike fibres to form clots
  • low platelets (thrombopenia) - excessive bleeding
  • High platelets - clots (thromosis) can form (thrombocytosis)
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2
Q

White Blood Cells

A
  • Leukocytes
  • immune system cells involved in defending the body against infectious disease & foreighn materials
  • 5 types of WBC
    1. Monocyte
    2. Eosinophil
    3. Basophil
    4. Lymphocyte
    5. Neutrophil
  • Produced in bone marrow
  • 3-4 day life span
  • Normal levels: 7000/microlitre of blood (1% of blood)
    • ↑ 7000 = leukocytosis ↓7000 = leukopenia
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3
Q

Red Blood Cells

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • carry oxygen & collect CO2 through the use of hemoglobin
  • life span of 120 days
  • Protect healthy cells along w/ white blood cells
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4
Q

Heart Structure Info

A
  1. Left ventricle has thicker, more muscular walls than the right b/c it needs to contract more powerfully to pump blood around the body
  2. ventricles have thicker walls than atria b/c atria only have to push blood to ventricles
  3. the atrioventricular (AV) valves link the atria to the ventricles & stop blood flowing back into the heart after ventricles contract
  4. the semi-lunar (SL) valves link the ventricles to the pulmonary arteries & aorta & stop back flow
  5. the cords attach the atrio-ventricular valves to the ventricles to stop them being forced up into the atria w/ ventricular contraction
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5
Q

Human Circulatory System

  • Diagram & names of blood vessles & arteries
A

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6
Q

Heart Structure

Diagram

A
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7
Q

Animal Cells

Mitochondrion (ia)

(description & function)

A
  • Description - usually oval shaped.
    • They have a double membrane - the inner one is folded to form cristae (crista).
    • Inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration
  • Function - the site of aerobic respiration.
    • They’re found in large numbers in cells that are very active & require a lot of energy
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8
Q

Animal Cells

Microvilli

Description & Function

A
  • Description - Folds in the plasma membrane
  • Function - They’re found on cells involved in processes like absorption,
    • such as epithelial cells in the small intestine.
    • They increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.
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9
Q

Animal Cells

Golgi Apparatus

Description & Function

A
  • Description - a group of fluid-filled sacs
  • Function - It processes & packages new lipids & proteins
    • It also makes lysosomes
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10
Q

Animal Cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum (2 types)

Description & Function

A
  • Description - a system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space
    • Rough ER is covered in ribosomers
    • Smooth ER is not
  • Function
    • Smooth ER - synthesises & processes lipids
    • Rough ER - folds & processes proteins that have been made by ribosomes
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11
Q

Animal Cells

Ribosome

Description & Function

A
  • Description - a very small organelle that floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Function - The site where proteins are made
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12
Q

Animal Cell

Lysosome

Description & Function

A
  • Description - a rough organelle surrounded by a membrane w/ no clear internal structure
  • Function - contains digestive enzymes
    • These are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell
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13
Q

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Description & Function

A
  • Description - a large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelop (double membrane) which contains many pores
    • the nucleus contains chromatin & often a structure called the nucleolus
  • Function - Chromatin is made from proteins & DNA
    • The pores allow substances (RNA) to move between the nucleus & the cytoplasm
    • The nucleolus makes ribosomes
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14
Q

Animal Cells

Plasma Membrane

Description & Function

A
  • Description - membrace found on the surface of animal cells (and just inside the cell wall of plant cells)
    • made mainly of lipids & protein
  • Function - regulates the movement of substances into & out of the cell
    • it also has receptor molecules on it which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
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15
Q

Animal Cell

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  3. Golgi Aparatus
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Mitochondria
  6. Nucleus
  7. Nuclear Envelope
  8. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  9. Lysosome
  10. Ribosome
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16
Q

Cellular Transport

Active Transport

A
  • Moves substances against concentration gradients
    • Low concentration to high
  • Uses energy to move molecules & ions across membranes
  • Carrier proteins & co-transporters are used
17
Q

Cellular Transport

Carrier proteins in Active transport

A
  • Process is the same as in facillitated diffussion
    • molecule attaches to protein, changes shape, moves across membrane, releases it
    • except that energy is used (from ATP) to move the solute against its concentration gradient
18
Q

Cellular Transport

Co-transporters in active Transport

A
  • a type of carrier protein
  • they bind 2 molecules at one time
  • the concentration gradient of one of the molecules is used to move the other against its own concentration gradient
19
Q

Cellular Transport

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • some larger molecules (amino acids, glucose) & gharged atoms (chloride ions) can’t diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane
  • instead they diffuse through carrier proteins or protein channels in the cell membrane
  • they move down a concentration gradient so it is a passive process (no energy)
20
Q

Cellular Transport

Carrier Proteins

A
  • move larger molecules in to or out of the cell down their concentration gradient
  • different carrier proteins facilitate the diffustion of different molecules
    1. large molecule attaches to a carrier protein in the membrane
    2. the protein changes shape
    3. releases the molecule on the opposite side of the membrane
21
Q

Cellular Transport

Protein Channels

A
  • Form pores in the membrane for charged particles to diffuse through (down concentration gradient)
  • Different protein channels facilitate the fiddusion of different charged particles
22
Q

Cellular Transport

Diffusion

A
  • The passive movement of Particles (no energy needed)
  • The net movement of particles (molecules or ions) from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
    • They move both ways but net is from high to low until they are evenly distributed through out gas or liquid
  • Concentration Gradient - the path from higher to lower concentration.
    • Particles move down the gradient
  • Particles can diffuse across the plasma membranes as long as they can move freely through the membrane
23
Q

Cellular Transport

Rate of Diffusion

A

Depends on several Factors

  1. Concentration gradient - higher it is the faster the rate of diffusion
  2. Thickness of the sexhange surface - the thinner the surface the faster the rate
  3. Surface area - larger the surface area of the plasma membrane the faster the rate

*microvilli can increase the surface area by about 600 times*

24
Q

Cellular Transport

Osmosis

A
  • The diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane (higher water potential to a lower one)
  • Plasm membranes are partially permeable & allow some small particles (like water) to pass through but not large solute molecules
  • Pure water has the highest water potential
    • all solutions have a lower water potential than pure water
  • 2 solutions w/ equal water potential are ISOTONIC
25
Q

Cellular Transport

Water Potential

A
  • The likelihood of water molecules to diffuse out of/or into a solution
  • Pure water has the highest water potential
26
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division where diploid cells split into 4 halves

*Useful to have correct number of chromosomes when gametes fuse

  1. DNA unravels & replicates so there are 2 copies of each chromosomes called chromatids
  2. The DNA condenses to form double-armed chromosomes, made from, two sister chromatids
  3. Meiosis I (first division) - the chromosomes arrange themselves into homologous pairs
  4. These homologous pairs are then separated having the chromosome #
  5. Meiosis II (2nd division) - the pairs of sister chromatids that make up each chromosome are separated
  6. 4 haploid cells (gametes) that are genetically different from each other are produced
    • Chromatid cross over in Meiosis I
  • homologous pairs of chromosomes come together & pair up. The chromatids twist around each other & bits of chromatids swap over
  • Same # of genes but different combination of alleles
27
Q

Mitosis

Info & Stages

A
  • In mitosis a parent cell divides to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells containing an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell
  • One continous process but described in 4 stages of division (with Interphase happening before mitosis)
  • Interphase
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
28
Q

Mitosis

Interphase

A
  • Technically before mitosis begins
  • The Cell carries out normal functions but also prepares to divide
    • the cells DNA is unravelled & replicated, to double its genetic content
    • The organelles are also replicated so it has spare ones & ATP content is increased (ATP provides the energy needed for cellular division)
      *
29
Q

Mitosis

Prophase

A

IPMAT - First stage of Mitosis (Interphase doesn’t count)

  • The Chromosomes condense (shorter & fatter)
  • Tiny bundles of protein called centrioles start moving toward opposite ends of the cells, forming a network of protein fibres across the cell called the spindle
  • The nuclear envelope breaks down leaving the chromosomes free in cytoplasm
30
Q

Mitosis

Metaphase

A
  • 2nd stage mitosis (IPMAT)
  • the chromosomes (2 chromatids each) line up along the middle of the cell & become attached to the spindle by their centromere
    *
31
Q

Mitosis

Anaphase

A
  • 3rd stage Mitosis (IPMAT)
  • The centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids
  • The spindles contract, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell, centromere first
    *
32
Q

Mitosis

Telophase

A
  • 4th Stage mitosis (IPMAT)
  • The chromatids reach the opposite poles on the spindle
  • They uncoil & become long & thin again.
    • They’re called chromosomes again
  • A nuclear envelope forms around each group
  • The cytoplasm divides leaving 2 daughter cells genetically identical
  • Both cells begin again w/ interphase
33
Q
A

Medicine (2 decks)

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