GAMSAT formula and terms

Question 1

Which of the following would result from amino acids not being absorbed into the body?

A.
Nothing, the body has it’s only supply of amino acids and does not require an intake from the diet. There would be no negative impacts upon the individual by not being able to absorb amino acids.

B.
There would be impaired protein production within the body which would negatively impact the body in numerous ways including muscle development, immunity and mental health.

C.
The body would compensate for the reduced absorption of amino acids by increasing the absorption of monosaccharides.

D.
There would be impaired protein production within the body which would negatively impact skeletal muscle production leading to weakness and impaired mobility.

Answer 1

D.
There would be impaired protein production within the body which would negatively impact skeletal muscle production leading to weakness and impaired mobility

Question 2

What are macrolides?

Answer 2

A class of drugs used to manage and treat various bacterial infections. They work by inhibiting protein synthesis.

Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin are commonly used to treat infections like pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis.

Question 3

In the instance of an antibiotic resistant infection which of the following options for treatment would be the most sensible choice?

A.
Raise the dose of the antibiotic, there will be a dosage at which it will work to kill the infection.

B.
If the antibiotic is not working it is likely that it is not a bacterial infection as drug resistance is a very unlikely possibility.

C.
Use multiple antibiotics to overcome the drug resistance.

D.
Use haemodialysis to remove the bacteria from the patients blood.

Answer 3

C.
Use multiple antibiotics to overcome the drug resistance.

Question 4

What would be the result of inhibiting the enzyme ACE?

A.
There would be no regulation of blood pressure.

B.
There would be no reabsorption of salts and water by the kidneys.

C.
There would be increased activity of the parasympathetic system.

D.
There would be inhibited aldosterone secretion.

Answer 4

D.
There would be inhibited aldosterone secretion.

Question 5

Which of the following statements are true?

A.
Renin is modulated via an empirically negative feedback system.

B.
ADH is the only hormone secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

C.
The RAA system is designed to modulate blood pressure.

D.
Inhibition of the RAA system can only be achieved by stopping the production of renin by the kidney.

Answer 5

C.
The RAA system is designed to modulate blood pressure.

**

Candidates should be able to infer that by controlling the amount of salt and water present in the blood and by adjusting the diameter of arterioles blood pressure will be adjusted. Statement A disregards the positive feedback aspect of renin production and there is no evidence to support statements B and D.

Question 6

Which of the following statements are false?

A.
Of all enzymes in the RAA system renin is the most important.

B.
The RAA system requires the appropriate functioning of multiple organs.

C.
The system has the potential to cause hypokalaemia and hypernatremia.

D.
Disease of the lungs or liver can negatively affect the functioning of the RAA system.

Answer 6

A.
Of all enzymes in the RAA system renin is the most important.

Question 7

What are examples of units measuring scale in physics?

Answer 7

Time (s)
Mass (kg)
Distance (m)
Speed (m/s)

Question 8

What are examples of vector units in physics?

Answer 8

Weight (N)
Displacement (m)
Velocity (m/s)

Question 9

What are the 3 Newton laws?

Answer 9

1) Law of inertia - any object should remain in the position or velocity it of unless otherwise acted upon

2) Net force = mass x acceleration
ΣF = ma

3) Law of opposites - for every force applied, there’s an equal and opposite reaction force

Question 10

What is the formula for gravitational fields?

Answer 10

g = GM/r^2

g - gravitational field
G - gravitational constant (6.67x10^-11)
M - mass of object
r - distance from centre of mass

Question 11

How do you find the number of moles in a solid?

Answer 11

n = m/M

n - number of moles (mol)
m - mass (g)
molecular mass (g/mol)

Question 12

How do you find the number of moles in a liquid?

Answer 12

n = cV

n - number of moles (mol)
c - concentration (mol/L)
V - volume (L)

Question 13

How do you find the number of moles in a gas?

Answer 13

PV = nRT

P - pressure (kPa)
V - volume (L)
n - number of moles (mol)
R - gas constant (8.31)
T - temperature (K)

Question 14

How to convert from Celsius to Kelvin?

Answer 14

K = °C + 273

Question 15

How to measure amount of products and reactants in a reaction at any given time?

Answer 15

Q forward reaction = [C]^c [D]^D/[A]^a[B]^b

Q backward reaction = [A]^a[B]^b/[C]^c [D]^D

Question 16

How to measure amount of products and reactants in a reaction at equlibrium?

Answer 16

K forward reaction = [C]^c [D]^D/[A]^a[B]^b

K backward reaction = [A]^a[B]^b/[C]^c [D]^D

Question 17

What is Le Chatelier’s principle?

Answer 17

This states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to re-establish an equilibrium.

Question 18

Formula to find rate of reaction

Answer 18

Rate = k[A]^x[B]^y

Question 19

How to calculate pressure?

Answer 19

P = F/A

P - pressure (kPa)
F - force (N)
A - area (cm^2)

Question 20

How to calculate work done?

Answer 20

W = Fs

W - work (Nm a.k.a. J)
F - force (N)
s - displacement (m)

Question 21

How to calculate velocity?

Answer 21

v = s/t

v - velocity (m/s)
s - speed (m/s)
t - time (s)

Question 22

How to measure accelaration

Answer 22

a = s/t^2

a - acceleration (m/s^2)
s - displacement (m/s)
t - time (s)

Question 23

How to calculate charge?

Answer 23

Q = It

Q - charge (C)
I - current (A)
t - time (s)

Question 24

What is Ohm’s law?

Answer 24

The voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature, remain constant.

V = IR

V - voltage (V)
I - current (A)
R - resistance (Ω)

Question 25

What is the relationship between pKa and acidicity?

Answer 25

The lower the pKa, the stronger the acid and the greater its ability to donate its protons.

Question 26

What kinds of acid readily dissociate in solution?

Answer 26

Strong acids

Question 27

a^m x a^n + ?

Answer 27

a^m+n

Question 28

a^m / a^n = ?

Answer 28

a^m-n

Question 29

(a^m)^n = ?

Answer 29

a^mn

Question 30

a^0 = ?

Answer 30

1

Question 31

a^-m = ?

Answer 31

1/a^m

Question 32

a^m/n = ?

Answer 32

n√a^m

Question 33

loga(m) + loga(n) = ?

Answer 33

loga(mn)

Question 34

loga(m) - loga(n) = ?

Answer 34

loga(m/n)

Question 35

loga(m)^n = ?

Answer 35

n x loga(m)

Question 36

loga(0) = ?

Answer 36

1

Question 37

loga(a) = ?

Answer 37

1

Question 38

What is a spontaneous reaction?

Answer 38

A reaction that favours the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring.

Aka exothermic reaction where entropy increases

E.g. combustion reaction

Question 39

What is a nonspontaneous reaction?

Answer 39

A reaction that does not favour the formation of products at the given set of conditions.

aka endothermic reaction where entropy decreases

e.g. N2(g)+O2(g)→2NO(g)

Question 40

If the Gibbs Free Energy for a process is negative?

Answer 40

Process is spontaneous

Question 41

If the Gibbs Free Energy for a process is positive?

Answer 41

Process is non-spontaneous