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Embryology > Gametogenesis to Neurulation > Flashcards

Gametogenesis to Neurulation Flashcards

1
Q

5 Events of Early Embryogenesis

A
  1. Gametogenesis
  2. Fertilization
  3. Cleavage
  4. Gastrulation
  5. Neurulation
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2
Q

process of development and maturation of sex cells called gametes.

A

gametogenesis

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3
Q

the mature reproduction cells capable of fertilization.

A

Gametes

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4
Q

3 functions of structure and physiology of gametes.

A
  1. to survive in environment quite different from that of the gonad
  2. to recognize homologous cells of the other gender and participate in events related to fertilization
  3. provide sufficient genetic and cytoplasmic materials to support development of a new organism
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5
Q

refers to the development and maturation of female gamete (ovum)

A

Oogenesis

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6
Q

refers to the maturation and development of male gametes (spermatozoa)

A

spermatogenesis

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7
Q

the gonads in males

A

testes

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8
Q

specialized tubules inside the testes

A

seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

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10
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

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11
Q

important process inside the ovaries

A

oogenesis

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12
Q

special stem cells found in the female individual

A

oogonia

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13
Q

where the nucleus of the secondary oocyte begins meiosis II progressing only to metaphase II, then division arrest

A

Ovulation

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14
Q

ensures that the endometrium is just the right layer and thickness for the developing embryo

A

Estrogen

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15
Q

3 types of ovum

A

•microelecithal egg
•mesolecithal egg
•macrolecithal egg

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16
Q

has no stored food material

A

spermatozoon

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17
Q

has stored food material in the form of yolk

A

ovum

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18
Q

the union of a haploid female gamete (oocyte) with a haploid male gamete (spermatozoon) to form diploid zygote.

A

Fertilization

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19
Q

where fertilization takes place

A

fallopian tube (oviduct)

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20
Q

penetrated by a single spermatozoon

A

ovum

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21
Q

it is the chromatin in the nucleus thickens into chromosomes

A

female pronucleus

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22
Q

chromatin in the head (nucleus) of the spermatozoon thickens into chromosomes

A

male pronucleus

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23
Q

series of cell division that occurs in the zygote following fertilization.

A

cleavage

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24
Q

2 types of cleavage

A

•holoblastic or equal cleavage
•meroblastic or discoid cleavage

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25
Q

occurs in mammals contains a small amount of yolk (isolecithal egg)

A

holoblastic or equal cleavage

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26
Q

occurs in birds and amphibians contains a large amount of yolk (telocithal egg)

A

meroblastic or discoid cleavage

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27
Q

large zygote if fractionated into numerous “normal size” cells

A

blastomeres

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28
Q

a solid ball of cells

A

morula

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29
Q

3 rapid transitional changes of morula

A
  1. increased number and compaction of blastomeres.
  2. transformation and rearrangement of blastomeres
  3. rearrangement of blastomeres results in the formation of blastocyst.
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30
Q

it develops during 2nd week following the rupture of the zona pellucida

A

blastocyst

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31
Q

surface cells of blastocyst

A

trophoblast

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32
Q

fluid-filled cavity

A

blastacoele

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33
Q

epiblast from the inner surface of embryonic disk delaminate to form an inner layer

34
Q

space appropriated from the blastocoele and enclosed by the hypoblast

A

primitive gut

35
Q

indicates the location of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the zygote

A

embryonic disk

36
Q

very young avian embryo

37
Q

state of embryonic development marked by rearrangement of the cells.

A

gastrulation

38
Q

separate parallel tissues

A

germ layers

39
Q

3 primary germ layers

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm or entoderm
40
Q

the outermost layer

41
Q

the middle layer

42
Q

the innermost layer

A

endoderm or entoderm

43
Q

considered a critical period of embryonic development

A

gastrulation

44
Q

occurs in the epiblast of the embryonic disk

A

formation of the primitive streak

45
Q

a thickened band of epiblast

A

primitive streak

46
Q

presents a central deep hole

A

primitive pit

47
Q

the process of epiblast migration to form endoderm and mesoderm

A

involution

48
Q

2 layers of lateral mesoderm

A

•somatic mesoderm
•splanchnic mesoderm

49
Q

closely adjacent to the overlying ectoderm of the embryonic disk and the trophoblast

A

somatic mesoderm

50
Q

closely related to the underlying embryomic endoderm and hypoblast

A

splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm

51
Q

when somatic mesoderm and the embryonic ectoderm and trophoblast combine it forms what?

A

somatopleure

52
Q

when splanchnic mesoderm together with the embryonic endoderm and hypoblast combine, it forms what?

A

splanchnopleure

53
Q

hairpin-like structure in the caudal half and center of the embryonal area

A

primitive streak

54
Q

a central pale oval area of blastoderm

A

area pellucida

55
Q

a dark area peripheral to the area pellucida

A

area opaca

56
Q

rod-shaped aggregate of epiblast cells located cranial to the primitive streak

57
Q

epiblast form a mass of cells

A

paraxial mesoderm

58
Q

what are the significance of notochord?

A
  1. it induces the formation of the head, nervous system development and somite formation during the neurula stage.
  2. it marks the future location pf the vertebral column.
  3. in most primitive vertebrates, the notochord is the chief axial supporting structure of the body.
59
Q

the fifth and last stage of early embryonic development.

A

neurulation

60
Q

5 characterized of neurulation

A

i. formation of the central nervous system
ii. formation of the head procesa
iii. the initial development of the gut
iv. formation of somite
v. initial development of the heart

61
Q

sequence of events of of the formation of the central nervous system

A

a. formation of neural plate
b. neural plate becomes depressed to form neural groove
c. neural folds converge
d. fuse dorsally to form the neural tube with neural ectoderm

62
Q

the extreme anterior and posterior ends of the neural tube remain open

A

anterior neuropore and posterior neuropore

63
Q

proliferate and assume a position dorsolateral to the neural tube

A

neural crest

64
Q

process occupies the anterior border of future head.

A

formation of the head process or head process

65
Q

two succeeding events mark this cephalic growth.

A

a. as the cephalic neural tube elongates rostrally
b. the surface ectoderm lateral to the neutral tube

66
Q

the first part of the gut tube that is formed

67
Q

formed when the subcephalic pocket expands caudally beneath the head process

A

foregut (pharynx)

68
Q

somites are blocks of mesoderm derived from paraxial mesoderm located just lateral to the notochord

A

formation of somites

69
Q

mesoderm accumulates on each side of the notochord and is designated as paraxial mesoderm

A

sequence of somite development

70
Q

rostral to the notochord, mesenchyme forms less developed somites

A

somitomeres

71
Q

cells of the paraxial mesoderm become compact and arranged radially around a tiny central cavity

72
Q

lateral region of somites

73
Q

medial region of somite

A

sclerotome

74
Q

middle region of somite

75
Q

the cardiac tube originates from paired primordia in the mesoderm

A

initial development of the heart

76
Q

the fused endocardial tubes and cardiogenic plates

A

cardiac tube

77
Q

the fused dorsal parts of the splanchnic mesoderm

A

dorsal mesocardium

78
Q

the fused ventral parts of splanchnic mesoderm

A

ventral mesocardium

79
Q

the paired caudal extensions

A

R and L omphalomesenteric or vetelline veins

80
Q

the early embryo is flat but but the vertebrate body plan features a cylindrical theme

A

development of a cylindrical body

81
Q

transitions from a flat embryo to a cylindrical

A

• formation of heal fold
• formation of tail hold
• formation of lateral body folds

82
Q

blind caudal region of the primitive gut that acquired a floor

Embryology (2 decks)

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