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2A Histology Finals > Gametogenesis: Conversion of Germ Cells into Male and Female Gametes > Flashcards

Gametogenesis: Conversion of Germ Cells into Male and Female Gametes Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells undergo gametogenesis?

a. To migrate from the yolk sac toward the gonads
b. To increase the number of cells during migration
c. To form the zygote
d. To prepare for fertilization

A

d. To prepare for fertilization

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2
Q

All four daughter cells develop into mature gametes.

a. Oocyte
b. Genetic variability
c. Spermatocyte
d. Crossover

A

c. Spermatocyte

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3
Q

A structural chromosome abnormality that is caused by the deletion of chromosome ____, that has a cat-like cry, microcephaly, intellectual disabilities, and heart problems.

a. 5; Angelman Syndrome
b. 3; Cri-du-chat Syndrome
c. 5; Cri-du-chat Syndrome
d. 3; Prader-Willi Syndrome

A

c. 5; Cri-du-chat Syndrome

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4
Q

How is the genetic sex of an individual determined based on chromosomes inherited from the parents?

a. By a number of autosomes inherited
b. By the combination of sex chromosomes (XX, for female, XY for male)
c. By the traits carried on the autosomes only
d. By the total number of chromosomes inherited

A

b. By the combination of sex chromosomes (XX, for female, XY for male)

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5
Q

Which statement is correct about oogenesis?

a. It occurs during puberty in females.
b. Abnormalities in oocytes are most common.
c. It occurs before birth.
d. It occurs during fertilization.

A

c. It occurs before birth.

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6
Q

A condition in which eye defects such as microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma are common manifestations of this condition.

a. Turner Syndrome
b. Klinefelter Syndrome
c. Trisomy 18
d. Trisomy 13

A

d. Trisomy 13

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

a. Spermatogenesis is the process of spermermaids maturing into sperm cells,
while spermiogenesis is the entire process of producing sperm cells.
b. Spermiogenesis refers to the complete process of sperm cell production, while spermatogenesis is the first maturation stage.
c. Spermatogenesis involves the complete production of sperm cells, while spermiogenesis refers to the final maturation of spermatids into sperm cells.
d. Spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis both refer to the same process of sperm cell production.

A

c. Spermatogenesis involves the complete production of sperm cells, while spermiogenesis refers to the final maturation of spermatids into sperm cells.

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8
Q

During which stage of follicle maturation does a surge in luteinizing hormone stimulate preovulatory growth?

a. Primordial follicle
b. Primary or preantral follicle
c. Vesicular or antral follicle
d. Mature vesicular or graafian follicle

A

d. Mature vesicular or graafian follicle

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9
Q

It is the X-like structure formation as separation occurs during crossover, points of interchange are temporarily united.

a. Synapsis
b. Germ cells
c. Chiasma
d. Polar bodies

A

c. Chiasma

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10
Q

After the total number of germ cells in the ovary is reached, and cell death happens with most Oogonia and Primary Oocytes become atretic. These are the remaining Primary Oocytes that are still surrounded by follicular epithelial cells.

a. Follicular Cells
b. Primordial Germ Cells
c. Growing Follicle
d. Primordial Follicle

A

d. Primordial Follicle

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11
Q

This type of cell emerges from spermatogonial stem cells, and their production marks the initiation of spermatogenesis.

a. Type A Spermatogonia
b. Type B Spermatogonia
c. Primary Spermatocytes
d. Secondary Spermatocytes

A

a. Type A Spermatogonia

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12
Q

A result of mutation that may occur in a somatic cell wherein there is more than one genetically distinct cell line.

a. Gene Variation
b. Mosaicism
c. Congenital malformations
d. Phenylketonuria

A

b. Mosaicism

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13
Q

A genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of the amino acid methionine.

a. Homocystinuria
b. Galactosemia
c. Phenylketonuria
d. Hypermethioninemia

A

a. Homocystinuria

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14
Q

Characteristics that are differentially expressed depending upon whether the genetic material is inherited from the mother or the father are examples of

a. Angelman Syndrome
b. Miller-Dieker Syndrome
c. Genomic Imprinting
d. Contiguous Gene Syndromes

A

c. Genomic Imprinting

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15
Q

Among its characteristics is that it is the genetic abnormality that is 2nd in causing intellectual disabilities right after Down syndrome?

a. Fragile Y syndrome
b. Fragile X syndrome
c. CGG repeat
d. Xq27

A

b. Fragile X syndrome

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16
Q

Which statement is incorrect about Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)?

a. Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased chance of developing leukemia, infections, thyroid dysfunction, and premature aging.
b. The risk of Down syndrome increases with maternal age.
c. Individuals with Down syndrome often have upward slanting eyes, epicanthal folds, and a flat face.
d. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects only males.

A

d. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects only males.

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17
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the technique of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and its applications?

a. FISH is a technique used primarily for sequencing entire genomes using fluorescent markers.
b. FISH involves the use of specific RNA probes to identify gene expression levels in different tissues.
c. FISH utilizes specific DNA probes to detect and locate DNA sequences on chromosomes, making it useful for identifying chromosomal abnormalities such as ploidy and microdeletions.
d. FISH is a method used to amplify DNA sequences in a sample, similar to PCR, but with fluorescent labeling for easier visualization.

A

c. FISH utilizes specific DNA probes to detect and locate DNA sequences on chromosomes, making it useful for identifying chromosomal abnormalities such as ploidy and microdeletions.

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18
Q

The surge in the hormone _____ during oogenesis signifies the end of ________, wherein the primary oocyte differentiates into a secondary oocyte and first polar body hours before ovulation.

a. Luteinizing hormone; cytokinesis
b. Progesterone; Meiosis II
c. Luteinizing hormone; Meiosis I
d. Estrogen. Fertilization

A

c. Luteinizing hormone; Meiosis I

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19
Q

What phase do the chromatids migrate to opposite poles?

a. Anaphase
b. Telophase
c. Metaphase
d. Prophase

A

a. Anaphase

20
Q

What abnormality usually results from chromosome breakage?

a. Structural abnormalities
b. Trisomy 21(down syndrome)
c. Turner syndrome
d. Klinefelter syndrome

A

a. Structural abnormalities

21
Q

PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS

Development begins with ______, the process by which the male gamete, the ______, and the female gamete, the ______, unite to give rise to a ______.

A

fertilization, sperm, oocyte, zygote

22
Q

PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS

Gametes are derived from ______ that are formed in the epiblast during the ______, move through the primitive streak during ______, and migrate to the wall of the ______. During the ______ week, these cells begin to migrate from the yolk sac toward the developing ______, where they arrive by the end of the ______ week.

A

primordial germ cells (PGCs), second week, gastrulation, yolk sac, fourth, gonads, fifth

23
Q

PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS

Mitotic divisions increase their number during their ______ and also when they arrive in the ______. In preparation for fertilization, germ cells undergo ______, which includes ______, to reduce the number of chromosomes and ______ to complete their maturation.

A

migration, gonad, gametogenesis, meiosis, cytodifferentiation

24
Q

Clinical Correlates
Primordial Germ Cells and Teratomas

______ are tumors of disputed origin that often contain a variety of tissues, such as bone, hair, muscle, gut epithelia, and others. It is thought that these tumors arise from ______ that can differentiate into any of the three ______ or their derivatives. Some evidence suggests that PGCs that have strayed from their normal ______ could be responsible for some of these tumors. Another source may be ______ that give rise to all three ______ during ______.

A

Teratomas, pluripotent stem cells, germ layers, migratory paths, epiblast cells, germ layers, gastrulation

25
Q

THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

Traits of a new individual are determined by specific ______ on ______ inherited from the ______ and the ______.

A

genes, chromosomes, father, mother

26
Q

THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

Humans have approximately ______ genes on ______ chromosomes.

A

23,000, 46

27
Q

THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

Genes on the same chromosome tend to be ______ together and so are known as ______.

A

inherited, linked genes

28
Q

THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

In somatic cells, chromosomes appear as ______ homologous pairs to form the ______ number of ______.

A

23, diploid, 46

29
Q

THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

There are 22 pairs of matching chromosomes, the ______, and one pair of ______.

A

autosomes, sex chromosomes

30
Q

THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

If the sex pair is ______, the individual is genetically female; if the pair is ______, the individual is genetically male.

A

XX, XY

31
Q

THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

One chromosome of each pair is derived from the maternal gamete, the ______, and one from the paternal gamete, the ______.

A

oocyte, sperm

32
Q

THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

Thus, each gamete contains a ______ number of ______ chromosomes, and the union of the gametes at fertilization restores the ______ number of ______.

A

haploid, 23, diploid, 46

33
Q

______ is the process whereby one cell divides, giving rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

34
Q

Mitosis

Each daughter cell receives the complete complement of ______ chromosomes.

A

46

35
Q

Mitosis

Before a cell enters mitosis, each chromosome replicates its ______. During this replication phase, chromosomes are extremely ______, they are spread diffusely through the ______, and they cannot be recognized with the ______.

A

DNA, long, nucleus, light microscope

36
Q

Mitosis

With the onset of mitosis, the chromosomes begin to ______, ______, and ______; these events mark the beginning of ______. Each chromosome now consists of two parallel subunits, ______, that are joined at anarrow region common to both called the ______.

A

coil, contract, condense, prophase, chromatids, centromere

37
Q

Mitosis

Throughout prophase, the chromosomes continue to ______, ______, and ______, but only at ______ do the chromatids become distinguishable.

A

condense, shorten, thicken, prometaphase

38
Q

Mitosis

During ______, the chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane, and their doubled structure is clearly visible. Each is attached by ______ extending from the ______ to the ______, forming the ______. Soon, the centromere of each chromosome divides, marking the beginning of ______, followed by migration of ______ to opposite poles of the spindle.

A

metaphase, microtubules, centromere, centriole, mitotic spindle, anaphase, chromatids

39
Q

Mitosis

Finally, during ______, chromosomes uncoil and lengthen, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the cytoplasm divides. Each daughter cell receives ______ of all doubled chromosome material and thus maintains the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell.

A

telophase, half

40
Q

Process of mitosis:

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Daughter cells

41
Q

______ is the cell division that takes place in the germ cells to generate male and female gametes, sperm and egg cells, respectively.

A

Meiosis

42
Q

Meiosis

Meiosis requires two cell divisions, ______ and ______, to reduce the number of chromosomes to the haploid number of ______.

A

meiosis I, meiosis II, 23

43
Q

Meiosis

As in mitosis, male and female germ cells (______ and primary ______) at the beginning of meiosis I replicate their ______ so that each of the ______ chromosomes is duplicated into ______.

A

spermatocytes, oocytes, DNA, 46, sister chromatids

44
Q

Meiosis

In contrast to mitosis, however, ______ chromosomes then align themselves in pairs, a process called ______. The pairing is exact and point for point except for the ______ combination. Homologous pairs then separate into ______ daughter cells, thereby reducing the chromosome number from ______ to ______. Shortly thereafter, ______ separates sister chromatids. Each gamete then contains ______ chromosomes.

A

homologous, synapsis, XY, two, diploid, haploid, meiosis II, 23

45
Q

______, critical events in meiosis I, are the interchange of chromatid segments between paired homologous chromosomes.

A

Crossovers

46
Q

Crossovers

Segments of chromatids ______ and are exchanged as ______ chromosomes separate. As separation occurs, points of interchange are temporarily united and form an X-like structure, a ______.

A

break, homologous, chiasma

47
Q

Crossovers

The approximately ______ to ______ crossovers (______ or ______ per chromosome) with each ______ division are most frequent between genes that are ______ on a chromosome.

A

30, 40, one, two, meiotic I, far apart

2A Histology Finals (6 decks)

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