GAMETOGENESIS Flashcards
1
Q
Type of reproduction under mitosis?
A
ASEXUAL
2
Q
Type of reproduction under meiosis?
A
SEXUAL
3
Q
Count of daughter cells under meiosis?
Count of daughter cells under mitosis?
A
2;4 DAUGHTERS
4
Q
Allele difference between parent and daughter cells mitosis?
Allele difference between parent and daughter cells meiosis?
A
IDENTICAL; DIFFERENT
5
Q
Altered number of chromosomes under mitosis?
Altered number of chromosomes under meiosis?
A
SAME; HALVED
6
Q
Count of cell division cycle?
A
1&2
7
Q
It is a cell division that produces the same number of chromosomes from the parent cell, and produces two identical daughter cells.
A
MITOSIS
8
Q
It is the half of mitosis
A
PROPHASE
9
Q
What are the two main stages of meiosis and the other term of each stages?
A
Meiosis I or Reduction Stage/ Meiosis II or Division Stage
10
Q
What is 1st phase in the reproduction of animal?
A
gametogenesis
11
Q
Primitive germ cell or?
A
Primordial sex cells
12
Q
Embryo development 6 stages?
A
Fertilized egg- zygote 1st cleavage- 4 cells- morula- blastocyst
13
Q
Formation of cells of the same kind
A
Cell reproduction
14
Q
Maintenance of an organism stages (wound healing)
A
Hemostasis- inflammatory- proliferative- remodeling
15
Q
Part of interphase in which cell duplicates its DNA and centrosome
A
S- phase or synthesis phase
16
Q
Part of interphase in which cell grows some more
A
Gap 2/ g-2phase
17
Q
Nucleus disappear and chromatin condenses into chromosomes
A
Prophase
18
Q
Nuclear membrane breaks down, kinetochore microtubules invade nuclear space, and attach to kinetochore, polar microtubules push against each other, moving centrosomes apart
A
Prometaphase
19
Q
Chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.
A
Anaphase
20
Q
Nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reappear, chromosomes unwind into chromatin.
A
Telophase and cytokinesis
21
Q
Cell leaves the cell cycle, it is the resting phase
A
Gap 0 g0
22
Q
Interphase
A
G1 phase, s phase, g2 phase
23
Q
Non sex cells
A
Autosomes
24
Q
– process of absorption of nutrients and materials from extracellular fluid to increase cell size
A
Protoplasmic synthesis
25
Centrioles are duplicated and polar microtubules (for--) are formed. Becomes the mitotic apparatus
Plants
26
* process of absorption of nutrients and materials from extracellular fluid to increase cell size
* Metabolically active in the synthesis of RNA and proteins
* Cellular content like the organelles are duplicated except for the nucleus
G1
27
* DNA are completely replicated
* Chromosomes are doubled
* Protoplasmic synthesis reoccurs
* Centrioles are duplicated and polar microtubules (for plants) are formed. Becomes the mitotic apparatus
G2
28
* DNA start to duplicate
* Each chromosomes will form 2 sister chromatids
* Complete and identical set of genes
* Other compounds and organelles are synthesized
S PHASE
29
Cell division occurs
* Formation of two daughter cells
* 4 stages
➢Prophase
➢ Metaphase
➢Anaphase
➢Telophase
MITOTIC PHASE/MITOSIS
30
2 cell reproductive processes
➢ Mitosis
➢ Meiosis
31
Half of Mitosis
* Nuclear membrane breaks downs to form several small vesicles as the nucleolus disintegrates
* Centrosome duplicates itself and migrate to opposite ends of the cell
* Centrosomes organize the production of microtubules which will form the spindle
fibers for the mitotic spindle
* Chromosomes condensed into tightly packed sister chromatids held together by a
centromere
Prophase
32
Sister chromatids align
together at the imaginary
metaphase plate at the
equatorial plane led by
the centromeres
* Spindle fibers bind to the
kinetochores
Metaphase
33
* Also know as cytokinesis
telophase
34
* Also know as cytokinesis
* Nuclear membrane reforms
around the chromosomes
* Chromosomes uncoil and
diffuse
* Spindle fiber disappears
* Constriction of the cytoplasm
separates the daughter cells.
* Daughter cells enter
interphase
Telophase
35
Contains a single copy of chromosomes
meiosis
36
Produces haploid sex cells or gametes
* Contains a single copy of each
chromosome
* Involves DNA replication followed by
2 nuclear divisions
* Meiosis I
* Meiosis II
* Random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes and sister chromatid
Meiosis
37
Through exchange of
genetic materials
between homologous
chromosomes during
Meiosis I
* Facilitates random
alignment of parental
chromosomes in
Meiosis I and sister
chromatids in Meiosis II.
GENETIC DIVERSITY
38
two daughter cells are produced and the chromosomal number of each is reduced in ½
Meiosis I or Reduction Stage
39
production of four daughter cells, each cell containing haploid number of chromosomes.
Meiosis II or Division Stage
40
* Condensation of
chromosomes
* Chromosomes similar in
shape and size and
partnered as
homologous
chromosome pairs
* Form bivalents (pairs
of chromosomes)
consisting of four
chromatids (tetrads)
## Footnote
Synapsed of homologous pair of chromosomes
Meosis1 prophase 1
41
Due to close
association, or synapsis, overlapping of chromatids may
occur which may lead to crossing over between pairs of homologous
chromosomes
Reciprocal to the exchange of genes on
the same loci of the
homologous
chromosomes.
Formation of spindle
fibers by their
kinetochores
Meiosis I: PROPHASE I
42
Prophase begins chromosomes starts to condense
leptotene
43
5 stages of prophase in meiosis in order
leptotene-zygotene-pachytene-diplotene-Diakinesis
44
Synapsis begins synaptonemal complex forms
zygotene
45
Crossing over- DNA exchanged by non-sister sister chromatids
pachytene
46
Synapsis ends- Chiasma visible within bivalent
diplotene
47
Prophase ends nuclear membrane disintegrates
diakinesis
47
Homologous pairs
move to the metaphase plate by the growing length of
spindle fibers
Meiosis I: METAPHASE
48
Homologous pairs are
separated, divided, or
pulled to the opposite
poles of the cell due
to the shortening
length of the spindle
fiber.
Meiosis I: ANAPHASE I
49
* 2 daughter cells
* Nuclear membrane
reappears, the nucleus
divides into two nuclei.
* Half the original
number of
chromosomes
* Each chromosome is in
its duplicated state
Meiosis I: TELOPHASE
50
Spindle apparatus
reappears
* Nuclear membranes
and nucleoli
disappears, and
chromosomes area
attached to the
spindle fibers
Meiosis II: PROPHASE II
51
* Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus of each cell
reappears.
* Nucleus of each cell divides
into two nuclei following
the division of two cells
forming of 4 daughter cells
* Each daughter cell has a
haploid
Meiosis II: TELOPHASE II
52
(2n) or primary oocyte-> secondary oocyte-> 3 polar body and an ovum
oogenesis
53
primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> 4 spermatids-> sperm
Spermatogenesis
54
Haploid 23 chromosomes (n) in human (sperm/egg or ovum)
Germ line (germ cells)
55
Diploid 46 chromosomes 2n in human (muscle & skeletal, blood, fat, neuron, organ and tissue, stem cells)
Somatic cells
56
Process of the formation of sex
cells for the male and female
gametes which will also undergo
transformation to become
specialized cells
Gametogenesis
57
Male – Formation of sperm
cells via
Female – Formation of egg
cell or ova via
spermatogenesis, oogenesis
58
Major processes
involved during gametogenesis
Cell Proliferation, Cell growth, Cell maturations
59
primitive germ cells or primordial sex cells repeatedly
divide by mitosis into identical cells
Cell Proliferation
60
cessation of mitosis in favor of the acquisition of raw
materials for the synthesis of protoplasm
Cell Growth
61
2 successive cell divisions (mitosis) take place. This is
accompanied by chromosomal divisions, which results in
the reduction of the chromosomes number by one half.
Cell Maturation
62
occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the testes.
Spermatogenesis
63
Spermatogenesis occurs in the________testis
Seminiferous tubules
64
Structures found in frog testis
* Mesorchium
* Tunica Albuginea
* Seminiferous Tubules
* Spermatocyst/Cell Nest/ Follicular Cyst
* Sertoli/Sustentacular Cell
* Insterstitial Cell
* Ova
65
Portion of the peritoneum that suspends the testes to
the dorsal body while immediately ventral to the kidney and between
the layers of which passed the tubes of the vas deferens
Mesorchium
66
____ is the outer connective tissue which covers the testes
known as the _____, this tough tissue extends into the substance of the testis and partitions it into
many compartments containing the seminiferous tubules
Tunica Albuginea; intertubular connective tissue or septula
67
much coiled to build containing the clusters of spermatogenic cells undergoing the same stage of development and nurse cells, the Sertoli cells
Seminiferous tubules
68
nurse cells or?
sertoli cells
69
A cluster of similar cells
undergoing the same stage of development is surrounded by follicle cells.
Spermatocyst/Cell Nest/ Follicular Cyst
70
is a specific stage in spermatogenesis, the process by which male germ cells (spermatogonia) develop into mature sperm cells (spermatozoa).
specifically focuses on the final transformation of spermatids into mature, functional sperm cells.
Spermiogenesis
71
Functionally under cell, supply nutrients to the cluster of cells. they are associated with the primary spermatogonia and spermatocytes as follicle cells.
Sertoli/Sustentacular Cell
72
Small cluster of cells found interspersed with the
intertubercular connective tissue.
Interstitial Cells
73
egg cell seen between seminiferous tubules of some male individuals thus making the male organ an Ovotestis.
Ova
74
Look for the following structures:
* Seminiferous Tubules
* Sertoli Cells (Active and
Inactive/Resting)
* Spermatogenic Cells
* 3 types of Spermatogonia (Type A, Type
B, and Intermediate Spermatogonia)
Mouse Testes
75
Produce testosterone
interstitial or leydig cells
76
Sustentacular or nerve cells
which are spaced at fairly regular intervals against the basement membrane and are
around the circumference of the seminiferous tubules. they have distinct outlines and large, Oval, often indented nuclei with compound nucleoli.
Sertoli Cells
77
form the blood-testes barrier: nutrients, and circulating substances do not directly reach the germ cells
determines which substances reach the germ cells
produce antigen-binding proteins which are necessary for spermiogenesis
Function of: Sertoli cells
78
fulfilling normal functions and they are pyramidal in shape with the apex directed towards the lumen and the nucleus perpendicular to the tubule
wall
Active Sertoli Cells
79
polygonal in shape the
nucleus is parallel to the wall of the tubule
Inactive Sertoli Cells
80
polygonal in shape, pyramidal
inactive sertoli; active
81
Three Types of Spermatogonia
Type A Spermatogonia; type b; intermediate
82
chromatin particles appear fine
and evenly dispersed. a single prominent chromatin
nucleolus, whose nature is not known, usually appears in
an eccentric position. These usually are the germ cell line.
Type A Spermatogonia
83
presence of course granules or
flakes of heavily stained chromatin associated with the
nuclear membrane and nucleolus. this is the most
common gonia, and therefore outnumbers type A and
immediate spermatogonia. this is the last stage before
they transform into primary spermatocytes.
Type B Spermatogonia
84
– chromophilic chromatin
in the form of delicate crust or flakes attached to the
nuclear membrane . They have prominent nucleoli usually
appearing in a central rather than peripheral position
Intermediate Spermatogonia
85
occurs in the - follicles of the ovary
Oogenesis
86
to locate in this animal: * Mesentery
* Oogonium and Oocytes
* 2 connective tissues
Frog Ovary (Anura)
87
double layered extension of the peritoneum that attaches
the ovary to the dorsal body wall
Mesovarium
88
collective term for theca externa, theca interna, and the
follicle cells
Ovarian follicle
89
– outermost connective tissues surrounding the ovary and
is continuous with the mesovarium and is the region of rupture during
ovulation to allow the egg to escape into the body cavity. Thousands of
individual sacks containing the eggs are suspended in the covering.
Theca externa
90
– inner connective tissue vascularized issue surrounding
the ovary and each egg.
Theca interna
91
derived from the oogonia. These contain oval and granular
nuclei and surround the developing oocyte.
Follicle cells
92
located to the periphery of the ovary and much smaller than
the oocyte. They have no pigment and contain little, if any, yolk.
Oogonia
93
potential ovum that is bigger than the oogonia. The lightly
stained structure at its center is a germinal vesicle or immature nucleus.
Oocytes
94
a non-cellular transparent membrane between the
follicle cells and each mature egg. Probably derived from both the ovum
and follicle cells and it's probably developed during the maturation
process
Vitelline membrane
95
– fluid filled space formed between the egg and the
vitelline membrane after fertilization
Perivitelline space
96
Look for the following structures of this organism:
* Cortex and Medulla
* Germinal Epithelium
* Oogonia
* Tunica Albuginea
* Stroma
* Different Stages of Follicles and its structures
Cat Ovary (felis catus)
97
the epithelial lining of the
ovary that is composed of cuboidal cells
Germinal Epithelium
98
all fibrous connective tissue
beneath the germinal epithelium
Tunica Albuginea
99
connective tissue immediately beneath the tunica albuginea and penetrating the substance of the ovary and consisting of
connective tissue fibers and spindle shaped cells
Stroma
100
potential ovum with vesicular
nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. these are found embedded in the stroma and occurring in clusters. These small oogonia without the follicle
cells surrounding them are in early stages.
Oogonium
101
peritoneum of the ovary
that continues into the oviduct. Consists of squamous epithelial cells
Periovarial membrane
102
space between the
membrane and the ovary
Periovarial space
103
convulated structure attached to the periovarial membrane.
Oviduct
104
Gonadotrophin independent phase (intraovarian regulation)
primordial, primary, secondary follicle
105
Gonadotrophin responsive phase (acquisition of FSH- dependence)
preantral; early antral follicle
106
Gonadotrophin dependent phase (FSH dependence to LH dependence)
antral follicle -(selection)- graafian follicle- (ovulation) - corpus luteum
107
Antral or?
Graafian
108
What is the arrest phase of oogenesis?
Prophase 1 specifically diplotene stage
109
Graafian Follicles
Antrum, Cumulus oophorus, Stratum granulosum, Corona radiata, Zona Pellucida and Liquor Folliculi, Theca Folliculi, Theca Interna, Theca Externa
110
lined by granulose cells (stratum granulosum) – thick layer of follicle cells
Antrum
111
thick layer of follicle cells
stratum granulosum
112
aka Follicular Cavity
Antrum
113
Primordial follicles consist of oocytes surrounded by a single layer of _____ follicular cells.
Squamous
114
* An ovarian follicle progresses through several
distinct phases before it releases its ovum.
* During the first five months of development, a
finite number of primordial follicles form in the
fetal ovary.
* These follicles consist of oocytes surrounded
by a single layer of squamous follicular cells.
* These primordial follicles remain in the process
of the first meiotic division.
* At puberty, they begin to develop further and
become primary follicles
Primordial Follicle
Stage
115
* 1-few layers of flattened follicle cells and an oogonium
* Early to Late Primary Follicle Stage
Primary Follicle Stage
116
* Follicle Cells – now several layers and
consisting of low columnar cuboidal
cells enclosing the oocyte.
* Antrum – aka Follicular Cavity.
Precipitation of proteins may give the
cavity a granular appearance.
* Liquor Folliculi – viscous follicular fluid
appearing light pink coagulum within
the antrum.
* Oogonium/Primary Oocyte – separated
from the granulosa cell by the zona
pellucida
Growing Follicle Cell
117
viscous follicular fluid
appearing light pink coagulum within the antrum.
Liquor Folliculi
118
separated from the granulosa cell by the zona pellucida
Oogonium/Primary Oocyte
119
* Antrum – lined by granulose cells (stratum granulosum)
– thick layer of follicle cells
* Cumulus oophorus – eccentric mound of follicle cells
surrounding the egg cells
* Primary oocyte – stage of development of the cell
* Stratum granulosum – layers of follicle cells bordering
the Graafian
* Corona radiata – layers of follicles cells of the cumulus
oophorus that lie nearest to the oocyte
* Zona Pellucida and Liquor Folliculi
* Theca Folliculi – stroma immediately adjacent to the
follicle that forms a capsule around the follicle
* Theca Interna – between theca externa and granulose
cells of the capsule consisting of large stromal cells with
the oval nuclei and capillaries. Richly vascularized and
the cells are secretory.
* Theca Externa – outer layer of the capsule composed of
the spindled shape dense connective tissue fibers.
Graafian Follicles
120
between theca externa and granulose cells of the capsule consisting of large stromal cells with the oval nuclei and capillaries. Richly vascularized and the cells are secretory.
Theca Interna
121
– outer layer of the capsule composed of
the spindled shape dense connective tissue fibers.
Theca Externa
122
layers of follicles cells of the cumulus oophorus that lie nearest to the oocyte
Corona radiata
123
Unsuccessful follicles undergoing degenerative process
Atretic Follicles
124
* Lutein Cells – from stratum granulosum of the ovulated Graafian follicle at the periphery of the corpus luteum.
* Capillaries – network of small blood vessels
* Capsule – layer surrounding the corpus luteum that consists of connective tissue fibers and fusiform cells.
Corpus Lutea/ luteum
125
from stratum granulosum
of the ovulated Graafian follicle at the periphery of the corpus luteum.
Lutein Cells
126
– layer surrounding the corpus
luteum that consists of connective tissue fibers and fusiform cells
Capsule
127
* Usually found at the central portion of the ovary
* Formed when fertilization doesn’t take place
* Stroma forms a capsule around the regressing corpus luteum invades the regressing luteal cells and replaces them as they degenerate leaving a white hyalinized scar.
Corpus Albicans
128
* Tunica Albuginea and Stroma (more
prominent in humans)
* Corpus Lutea – may be in various stages
of regression, thus an active corpus
luteum may not be seen. The
degenerating corpus in human, unlike
those of the cat, has a large cavity filled
with loose connective tissue and
remnants of lutein cells.
* Blood Vessels – distinguish between a
vein and an artery
Human Ovary
129
(more
prominent in humans)
Tunica Albuginea and Stroma
130
may be in various stages
of regression, thus an active corpus luteum may not be seen.
Corpus Lutea (in humans)
131
The degenerating corpus in _____, unlike
those of the cat, has a large cavity filled with loose connective tissue and
remnants of lutein cells.
humans
132
– distinguish between a vein and an artery
Blood Vessels
133
eccentric mound of follicle cells surrounding the egg cells
Cumulus oophorus
