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BIODEV LABORATORY > GAMETOGENESIS > Flashcards

GAMETOGENESIS Flashcards

1
Q

Type of reproduction under mitosis?

A

ASEXUAL

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2
Q

Type of reproduction under meiosis?

A

SEXUAL

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3
Q

Count of daughter cells under meiosis?
Count of daughter cells under mitosis?

A

2;4 DAUGHTERS

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4
Q

Allele difference between parent and daughter cells mitosis?
Allele difference between parent and daughter cells meiosis?

A

IDENTICAL; DIFFERENT

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5
Q

Altered number of chromosomes under mitosis?
Altered number of chromosomes under meiosis?

A

SAME; HALVED

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6
Q

Count of cell division cycle?

A

1&2

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7
Q

It is a cell division that produces the same number of chromosomes from the parent cell, and produces two identical daughter cells.

A

MITOSIS

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8
Q

It is the half of mitosis

A

PROPHASE

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9
Q

What are the two main stages of meiosis and the other term of each stages?

A

Meiosis I or Reduction Stage/ Meiosis II or Division Stage

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10
Q

What is 1st phase in the reproduction of animal?

A

gametogenesis

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11
Q

Primitive germ cell or?

A

Primordial sex cells

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12
Q

Embryo development 6 stages?

A

Fertilized egg- zygote 1st cleavage- 4 cells- morula- blastocyst

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13
Q

Formation of cells of the same kind

A

Cell reproduction

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14
Q

Maintenance of an organism stages (wound healing)

A

Hemostasis- inflammatory- proliferative- remodeling

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15
Q

Part of interphase in which cell duplicates its DNA and centrosome

A

S- phase or synthesis phase

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16
Q

Part of interphase in which cell grows some more

A

Gap 2/ g-2phase

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17
Q

Nucleus disappear and chromatin condenses into chromosomes

A

Prophase

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18
Q

Nuclear membrane breaks down, kinetochore microtubules invade nuclear space, and attach to kinetochore, polar microtubules push against each other, moving centrosomes apart

A

Prometaphase

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19
Q

Chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Anaphase

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20
Q

Nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reappear, chromosomes unwind into chromatin.

A

Telophase and cytokinesis

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21
Q

Cell leaves the cell cycle, it is the resting phase

A

Gap 0 g0

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22
Q

Interphase

A

G1 phase, s phase, g2 phase

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23
Q

Non sex cells

A

Autosomes

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24
Q

– process of absorption of nutrients and materials from extracellular fluid to increase cell size

A

Protoplasmic synthesis

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25
Q

Centrioles are duplicated and polar microtubules (for–) are formed. Becomes the mitotic apparatus

A

Plants

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26
Q
  • process of absorption of nutrients and materials from extracellular fluid to increase cell size
  • Metabolically active in the synthesis of RNA and proteins
  • Cellular content like the organelles are duplicated except for the nucleus
A

G1

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27
Q
  • DNA are completely replicated
  • Chromosomes are doubled
  • Protoplasmic synthesis reoccurs
  • Centrioles are duplicated and polar microtubules (for plants) are formed. Becomes the mitotic apparatus
A

G2

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28
Q
  • DNA start to duplicate
  • Each chromosomes will form 2 sister chromatids
  • Complete and identical set of genes
  • Other compounds and organelles are synthesized
A

S PHASE

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29
Q

Cell division occurs
* Formation of two daughter cells
* 4 stages
➢Prophase
➢ Metaphase
➢Anaphase
➢Telophase

A

MITOTIC PHASE/MITOSIS

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30
Q

2 cell reproductive processes

A

➢ Mitosis
➢ Meiosis

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31
Q

Half of Mitosis
* Nuclear membrane breaks downs to form several small vesicles as the nucleolus disintegrates
* Centrosome duplicates itself and migrate to opposite ends of the cell
* Centrosomes organize the production of microtubules which will form the spindle
fibers for the mitotic spindle
* Chromosomes condensed into tightly packed sister chromatids held together by a
centromere

A

Prophase

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32
Q

Sister chromatids align
together at the imaginary
metaphase plate at the
equatorial plane led by
the centromeres
* Spindle fibers bind to the
kinetochores

A

Metaphase

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33
Q
  • Also know as cytokinesis
A

telophase

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34
Q
  • Also know as cytokinesis
  • Nuclear membrane reforms
    around the chromosomes
  • Chromosomes uncoil and
    diffuse
  • Spindle fiber disappears
  • Constriction of the cytoplasm
    separates the daughter cells.
  • Daughter cells enter
    interphase
A

Telophase

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35
Q

Contains a single copy of chromosomes

A

meiosis

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36
Q

Produces haploid sex cells or gametes
* Contains a single copy of each
chromosome
* Involves DNA replication followed by
2 nuclear divisions
* Meiosis I
* Meiosis II
* Random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes and sister chromatid

A

Meiosis

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37
Q

Through exchange of
genetic materials
between homologous
chromosomes during
Meiosis I
* Facilitates random
alignment of parental
chromosomes in
Meiosis I and sister
chromatids in Meiosis II.

A

GENETIC DIVERSITY

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38
Q

two daughter cells are produced and the chromosomal number of each is reduced in ½

A

Meiosis I or Reduction Stage

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39
Q

production of four daughter cells, each cell containing haploid number of chromosomes.

A

Meiosis II or Division Stage

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40
Q
  • Condensation of
    chromosomes
  • Chromosomes similar in
    shape and size and
    partnered as
    homologous
    chromosome pairs
  • Form bivalents (pairs
    of chromosomes)
    consisting of four
    chromatids (tetrads)

Synapsed of homologous pair of chromosomes

A

Meosis1 prophase 1

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41
Q

Due to close
association, or synapsis, overlapping of chromatids may
occur which may lead to crossing over between pairs of homologous
chromosomes

Reciprocal to the exchange of genes on
the same loci of the
homologous
chromosomes.

Formation of spindle
fibers by their
kinetochores

A

Meiosis I: PROPHASE I

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42
Q

Prophase begins chromosomes starts to condense

A

leptotene

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43
Q

5 stages of prophase in meiosis in order

A

leptotene-zygotene-pachytene-diplotene-Diakinesis

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44
Q

Synapsis begins synaptonemal complex forms

A

zygotene

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45
Q

Crossing over- DNA exchanged by non-sister sister chromatids

A

pachytene

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46
Q

Synapsis ends- Chiasma visible within bivalent

A

diplotene

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47
Q

Prophase ends nuclear membrane disintegrates

A

diakinesis

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47
Q

Homologous pairs
move to the metaphase plate by the growing length of
spindle fibers

A

Meiosis I: METAPHASE

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48
Q

Homologous pairs are
separated, divided, or
pulled to the opposite
poles of the cell due
to the shortening
length of the spindle
fiber.

A

Meiosis I: ANAPHASE I

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49
Q
  • 2 daughter cells
  • Nuclear membrane
    reappears, the nucleus
    divides into two nuclei.
  • Half the original
    number of
    chromosomes
  • Each chromosome is in
    its duplicated state
A

Meiosis I: TELOPHASE

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50
Q

Spindle apparatus
reappears
* Nuclear membranes
and nucleoli
disappears, and
chromosomes area
attached to the
spindle fibers

A

Meiosis II: PROPHASE II

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51
Q
  • Nuclear membrane and
    nucleolus of each cell
    reappears.
  • Nucleus of each cell divides
    into two nuclei following
    the division of two cells
    forming of 4 daughter cells
  • Each daughter cell has a
    haploid
A

Meiosis II: TELOPHASE II

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52
Q

(2n) or primary oocyte-> secondary oocyte-> 3 polar body and an ovum

A

oogenesis

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53
Q

primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> 4 spermatids-> sperm

A

Spermatogenesis

54
Q

Haploid 23 chromosomes (n) in human (sperm/egg or ovum)

A

Germ line (germ cells)

55
Q

Diploid 46 chromosomes 2n in human (muscle & skeletal, blood, fat, neuron, organ and tissue, stem cells)

A

Somatic cells

56
Q

Process of the formation of sex
cells for the male and female
gametes which will also undergo
transformation to become
specialized cells

A

Gametogenesis

57
Q

Male – Formation of sperm
cells via
Female – Formation of egg
cell or ova via

A

spermatogenesis, oogenesis

58
Q

Major processes
involved during gametogenesis

A

Cell Proliferation, Cell growth, Cell maturations

59
Q

primitive germ cells or primordial sex cells repeatedly
divide by mitosis into identical cells

A

Cell Proliferation

60
Q

cessation of mitosis in favor of the acquisition of raw
materials for the synthesis of protoplasm

A

Cell Growth

61
Q

2 successive cell divisions (mitosis) take place. This is
accompanied by chromosomal divisions, which results in
the reduction of the chromosomes number by one half.

A

Cell Maturation

62
Q

occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the testes.

A

Spermatogenesis

63
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in the________testis

A

Seminiferous tubules

64
Q

Structures found in frog testis

A
  • Mesorchium
  • Tunica Albuginea
  • Seminiferous Tubules
  • Spermatocyst/Cell Nest/ Follicular Cyst
  • Sertoli/Sustentacular Cell
  • Insterstitial Cell
  • Ova
65
Q

Portion of the peritoneum that suspends the testes to
the dorsal body while immediately ventral to the kidney and between
the layers of which passed the tubes of the vas deferens

A

Mesorchium

66
Q

____ is the outer connective tissue which covers the testes
known as the _____, this tough tissue extends into the substance of the testis and partitions it into
many compartments containing the seminiferous tubules

A

Tunica Albuginea; intertubular connective tissue or septula

67
Q

much coiled to build containing the clusters of spermatogenic cells undergoing the same stage of development and nurse cells, the Sertoli cells

A

Seminiferous tubules

68
Q

nurse cells or?

A

sertoli cells

69
Q

A cluster of similar cells
undergoing the same stage of development is surrounded by follicle cells.

A

Spermatocyst/Cell Nest/ Follicular Cyst

70
Q

is a specific stage in spermatogenesis, the process by which male germ cells (spermatogonia) develop into mature sperm cells (spermatozoa).

specifically focuses on the final transformation of spermatids into mature, functional sperm cells.

A

Spermiogenesis

71
Q

Functionally under cell, supply nutrients to the cluster of cells. they are associated with the primary spermatogonia and spermatocytes as follicle cells.

A

Sertoli/Sustentacular Cell

72
Q

Small cluster of cells found interspersed with the
intertubercular connective tissue.

A

Interstitial Cells

73
Q

egg cell seen between seminiferous tubules of some male individuals thus making the male organ an Ovotestis.

A

Ova

74
Q

Look for the following structures:
* Seminiferous Tubules
* Sertoli Cells (Active and
Inactive/Resting)
* Spermatogenic Cells
* 3 types of Spermatogonia (Type A, Type
B, and Intermediate Spermatogonia)

A

Mouse Testes

75
Q

Produce testosterone

A

interstitial or leydig cells

76
Q

Sustentacular or nerve cells
which are spaced at fairly regular intervals against the basement membrane and are
around the circumference of the seminiferous tubules. they have distinct outlines and large, Oval, often indented nuclei with compound nucleoli.

A

Sertoli Cells

77
Q

form the blood-testes barrier: nutrients, and circulating substances do not directly reach the germ cells

determines which substances reach the germ cells

produce antigen-binding proteins which are necessary for spermiogenesis

A

Function of: Sertoli cells

78
Q

fulfilling normal functions and they are pyramidal in shape with the apex directed towards the lumen and the nucleus perpendicular to the tubule
wall

A

Active Sertoli Cells

79
Q

polygonal in shape the
nucleus is parallel to the wall of the tubule

A

Inactive Sertoli Cells

80
Q

polygonal in shape, pyramidal

A

inactive sertoli; active

81
Q

Three Types of Spermatogonia

A

Type A Spermatogonia; type b; intermediate

82
Q

chromatin particles appear fine
and evenly dispersed. a single prominent chromatin
nucleolus, whose nature is not known, usually appears in
an eccentric position. These usually are the germ cell line.

A

Type A Spermatogonia

83
Q

presence of course granules or
flakes of heavily stained chromatin associated with the
nuclear membrane and nucleolus. this is the most
common gonia, and therefore outnumbers type A and
immediate spermatogonia. this is the last stage before
they transform into primary spermatocytes.

A

Type B Spermatogonia

84
Q

– chromophilic chromatin
in the form of delicate crust or flakes attached to the
nuclear membrane . They have prominent nucleoli usually
appearing in a central rather than peripheral position

A

Intermediate Spermatogonia

85
Q

occurs in the - follicles of the ovary

A

Oogenesis

86
Q

to locate in this animal: * Mesentery
* Oogonium and Oocytes
* 2 connective tissues

A

Frog Ovary (Anura)

87
Q

double layered extension of the peritoneum that attaches
the ovary to the dorsal body wall

A

Mesovarium

88
Q

collective term for theca externa, theca interna, and the
follicle cells

A

Ovarian follicle

89
Q

– outermost connective tissues surrounding the ovary and
is continuous with the mesovarium and is the region of rupture during
ovulation to allow the egg to escape into the body cavity. Thousands of
individual sacks containing the eggs are suspended in the covering.

A

Theca externa

90
Q

– inner connective tissue vascularized issue surrounding
the ovary and each egg.

A

Theca interna

91
Q

derived from the oogonia. These contain oval and granular
nuclei and surround the developing oocyte.

A

Follicle cells

92
Q

located to the periphery of the ovary and much smaller than
the oocyte. They have no pigment and contain little, if any, yolk.

A

Oogonia

93
Q

potential ovum that is bigger than the oogonia. The lightly
stained structure at its center is a germinal vesicle or immature nucleus.

A

Oocytes

94
Q

a non-cellular transparent membrane between the
follicle cells and each mature egg. Probably derived from both the ovum
and follicle cells and it’s probably developed during the maturation
process

A

Vitelline membrane

95
Q

– fluid filled space formed between the egg and the
vitelline membrane after fertilization

A

Perivitelline space

96
Q

Look for the following structures of this organism:

  • Cortex and Medulla
  • Germinal Epithelium
  • Oogonia
  • Tunica Albuginea
  • Stroma
  • Different Stages of Follicles and its structures
A

Cat Ovary (felis catus)

97
Q

the epithelial lining of the
ovary that is composed of cuboidal cells

A

Germinal Epithelium

98
Q

all fibrous connective tissue
beneath the germinal epithelium

A

Tunica Albuginea

99
Q

connective tissue immediately beneath the tunica albuginea and penetrating the substance of the ovary and consisting of
connective tissue fibers and spindle shaped cells

A

Stroma

100
Q

potential ovum with vesicular
nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. these are found embedded in the stroma and occurring in clusters. These small oogonia without the follicle
cells surrounding them are in early stages.

A

Oogonium

101
Q

peritoneum of the ovary
that continues into the oviduct. Consists of squamous epithelial cells

A

Periovarial membrane

102
Q

space between the
membrane and the ovary

A

Periovarial space

103
Q

convulated structure attached to the periovarial membrane.

A

Oviduct

104
Q

Gonadotrophin independent phase (intraovarian regulation)

A

primordial, primary, secondary follicle

105
Q

Gonadotrophin responsive phase (acquisition of FSH- dependence)

A

preantral; early antral follicle

106
Q

Gonadotrophin dependent phase (FSH dependence to LH dependence)

A

antral follicle -(selection)- graafian follicle- (ovulation) - corpus luteum

107
Q

Antral or?

A

Graafian

108
Q

What is the arrest phase of oogenesis?

A

Prophase 1 specifically diplotene stage

109
Q

Graafian Follicles

A

Antrum, Cumulus oophorus, Stratum granulosum, Corona radiata, Zona Pellucida and Liquor Folliculi, Theca Folliculi, Theca Interna, Theca Externa

110
Q

lined by granulose cells (stratum granulosum) – thick layer of follicle cells

A

Antrum

111
Q

thick layer of follicle cells

A

stratum granulosum

112
Q

aka Follicular Cavity

A

Antrum

113
Q

Primordial follicles consist of oocytes surrounded by a single layer of _____ follicular cells.

A

Squamous

114
Q
  • An ovarian follicle progresses through several
    distinct phases before it releases its ovum.
  • During the first five months of development, a
    finite number of primordial follicles form in the
    fetal ovary.
  • These follicles consist of oocytes surrounded
    by a single layer of squamous follicular cells.
  • These primordial follicles remain in the process
    of the first meiotic division.
  • At puberty, they begin to develop further and
    become primary follicles
A

Primordial Follicle
Stage

115
Q
  • 1-few layers of flattened follicle cells and an oogonium
  • Early to Late Primary Follicle Stage
A

Primary Follicle Stage

116
Q
  • Follicle Cells – now several layers and
    consisting of low columnar cuboidal
    cells enclosing the oocyte.
  • Antrum – aka Follicular Cavity.
    Precipitation of proteins may give the
    cavity a granular appearance.
  • Liquor Folliculi – viscous follicular fluid
    appearing light pink coagulum within
    the antrum.
  • Oogonium/Primary Oocyte – separated
    from the granulosa cell by the zona
    pellucida
A

Growing Follicle Cell

117
Q

viscous follicular fluid
appearing light pink coagulum within the antrum.

A

Liquor Folliculi

118
Q

separated from the granulosa cell by the zona pellucida

A

Oogonium/Primary Oocyte

119
Q
  • Antrum – lined by granulose cells (stratum granulosum)
    – thick layer of follicle cells
  • Cumulus oophorus – eccentric mound of follicle cells
    surrounding the egg cells
  • Primary oocyte – stage of development of the cell
  • Stratum granulosum – layers of follicle cells bordering
    the Graafian
  • Corona radiata – layers of follicles cells of the cumulus
    oophorus that lie nearest to the oocyte
  • Zona Pellucida and Liquor Folliculi
  • Theca Folliculi – stroma immediately adjacent to the
    follicle that forms a capsule around the follicle
  • Theca Interna – between theca externa and granulose
    cells of the capsule consisting of large stromal cells with
    the oval nuclei and capillaries. Richly vascularized and
    the cells are secretory.
  • Theca Externa – outer layer of the capsule composed of
    the spindled shape dense connective tissue fibers.
A

Graafian Follicles

120
Q

between theca externa and granulose cells of the capsule consisting of large stromal cells with the oval nuclei and capillaries. Richly vascularized and the cells are secretory.

A

Theca Interna

121
Q

– outer layer of the capsule composed of
the spindled shape dense connective tissue fibers.

A

Theca Externa

122
Q

layers of follicles cells of the cumulus oophorus that lie nearest to the oocyte

A

Corona radiata

123
Q

Unsuccessful follicles undergoing degenerative process

A

Atretic Follicles

124
Q
  • Lutein Cells – from stratum granulosum of the ovulated Graafian follicle at the periphery of the corpus luteum.
  • Capillaries – network of small blood vessels
  • Capsule – layer surrounding the corpus luteum that consists of connective tissue fibers and fusiform cells.
A

Corpus Lutea/ luteum

125
Q

from stratum granulosum
of the ovulated Graafian follicle at the periphery of the corpus luteum.

A

Lutein Cells

126
Q

– layer surrounding the corpus
luteum that consists of connective tissue fibers and fusiform cells

A

Capsule

127
Q
  • Usually found at the central portion of the ovary
  • Formed when fertilization doesn’t take place
  • Stroma forms a capsule around the regressing corpus luteum invades the regressing luteal cells and replaces them as they degenerate leaving a white hyalinized scar.
A

Corpus Albicans

128
Q
  • Tunica Albuginea and Stroma (more
    prominent in humans)
  • Corpus Lutea – may be in various stages
    of regression, thus an active corpus
    luteum may not be seen. The
    degenerating corpus in human, unlike
    those of the cat, has a large cavity filled
    with loose connective tissue and
    remnants of lutein cells.
  • Blood Vessels – distinguish between a
    vein and an artery
A

Human Ovary

129
Q

(more
prominent in humans)

A

Tunica Albuginea and Stroma

130
Q

may be in various stages
of regression, thus an active corpus luteum may not be seen.

A

Corpus Lutea (in humans)

131
Q

The degenerating corpus in _____, unlike
those of the cat, has a large cavity filled with loose connective tissue and
remnants of lutein cells.

A

humans

132
Q

– distinguish between a vein and an artery

A

Blood Vessels

133
Q

eccentric mound of follicle cells surrounding the egg cells

A

Cumulus oophorus

BIODEV LABORATORY (1 decks)

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