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Psychology > Game 1: Intro, Research Methods, Neuroscience, Behavior, Sensation, Perception > Flashcards

Game 1: Intro, Research Methods, Neuroscience, Behavior, Sensation, Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of psychology?

A

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

when did psychology start and how?

A

late 1800s and branched from philosophers

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3
Q

what method do psychologists study behavior with?

A

scientific method

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4
Q

psychiatry

A

more medical than studies. focuses on how humans change over the course of their lives with developments in the mind, social, and cultural impact

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5
Q

health psychology

A

examines how behavior and human psychology affect health

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6
Q

social psychology

A

examines human mind and perception and how it is affected by others in our environment

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7
Q

educational psychology

A

concentration on how people learn

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8
Q

cognitive psychology

A

study of the human thought process

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9
Q

neuropsychology

A

applies studies of human behavior as it relates to the central nervous system

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10
Q

industrial and organizational psychology

A

study of human behavior in the workplace

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11
Q

forensic psychology

A

deals with legal cases

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12
Q

sport psychology

A

focuses on the mental side of athletic performance

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13
Q

hypothesis

A

a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study

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14
Q

confirmation bias

A

seek out evidence that confirms an existing belief while ignoring contradictory evidence

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15
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting

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16
Q

case study

A

study of a small group of individuals or an individual

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17
Q

neuron

A

core structure in the brain that carries chemical messages in the brain to the body
activates glands and muscles
as a whole it is the nervous system

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18
Q

nerves

A

cluster of neurons

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19
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

sending neuron

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20
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receiving neuron

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21
Q

dendrites

A

fibers that extend from a neuron and receive information

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22
Q

cell body (soma)

A

processes nutrients and provides energy
has the nucleus

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23
Q

axon

A

single, long fluid tube that carries the message

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24
Q

glial cells (glia)

A

support cells that assist neurons with structural support
manufacture myelin
provide nutrition and aid in cell wastes

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25
Q

myelin sheath

A

white fatty covering that wraps around the axons of some neurons

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26
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

tiny pouches that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters

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27
Q

synapse

A

point of communication between two neurons

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28
Q

synaptic gap

A

the tiny space between neurons

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29
Q

axon terminal

A

branches at the end of the axon that contain synaptic vesicles

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30
Q

synaptic transmission

A

process of neurotransmitters being released by one neuron and affecting adjoining neurons

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31
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron

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32
Q

reuptake

A

process of neurotransmitter molecules detaching from a postsynaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled

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33
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

medication to increase the availability of serotonin

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34
Q

neuron at rest

A

has more negative energy inside cell

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35
Q

what elements are found inside a neuron cell

A

sodium (Na) and potassium (K)

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36
Q

how does a neuron become more positive?

A

sodium coming in through ion channels

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37
Q

resting potential

A

positive outside, negative inside

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38
Q

threshold of excitation

A

minimum level of stimulation to activate a particular neuron

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39
Q

action potential

A

potassium ions exit the axon and sodium enters
more positive in axon

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40
Q

agonist

A

drug or other chemical that triggers a response
ex. alcohol triggers gaba creating less excitement so less messages get through

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41
Q

antagonist

A

a drug or other chemical substance that blocks a receptor site and prevents receiving

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42
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord that consists of nerves that cannot be replaced or repaired
carries messages from brain to spinal cord to other muscles/glands

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43
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

consists of nerves that connect all the way to glands, muscles, and sensory organs
nerves are able to regenerate
consists of ANS and SNS

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44
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transports signals to and from voluntary muscles

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45
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

internal organs, muscles, and glands except digestive system
no control “auto”
consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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46
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the use of energy and action
increases blood pressure and heart rate

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47
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

conserves energy
reduces blood pressure and heart rate
functions during sleep

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48
Q

endocrine system

A

glands that transmit hormones

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49
Q

neurogenesis

A

development of new neurons

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50
Q

plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change function and structure

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51
Q

cerebral cortex

A

wrinkled outer portion that has most sophisticated brain centers

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52
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

the symmetrical halves of the brain

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53
Q

corpus callosum

A

part that links the two cerebral hemispheres by a thick band of axons

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54
Q

temporal lobe

A

near temples
primary receiving area for auditory info

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55
Q

occipital lobe

A

at the back
visual info

56
Q

parietal lobe

A

above temporal lobe
somatic (touch) sensations

57
Q

frontal lobe

A

largest lobe
processes voluntary muscle movements
includes thinking, planning, and emotions

58
Q

brain stem

A

located at base of brain, above spinal cord that connects the two
connections between heart and lungs

59
Q

olfactory bulb

A

sense of smell is processed
under frontal lobe

60
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla, pons

61
Q

cerebellum

A

voluntary body movements

62
Q

medulla

A

involuntary movements
part of brain stem so sends messages

63
Q

pons

A

muscle station between areas of the brain
helps send signals from cerebellum and cortex

64
Q

midbrain

A

tectum, tegmentum

65
Q

tectum

A

receiving stimulus inputs from eyes, ears, and skin

66
Q

superior colliculus

A

input from retina and visual cortex in tectum

67
Q

inferior colliculus

A

receives input from auditory pathway

68
Q

tegmentum

A

movement and arousal

69
Q

forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus

70
Q

limbic system

A

group of forebrain structures

71
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and forming new memories

72
Q

amygdala

A

cluster of neurons
memory and emotional response, especially fear

73
Q

broca’s area

A

pierre paul broca
left hemisphere
speech

74
Q

wernicke’s area

A

left temporal lobe
written and spoken language

75
Q

aphasia

A

inability to articulate ideas due to brain injury

76
Q

sensation

A

“raw” data we recieve

77
Q

perception

A

the process of understanding sensations

78
Q

selective attention

A

only able to pay attention to a certain amount of stimuli at one time

79
Q

inattentional blindness

A

something not perceived in plain sight

80
Q

change blindness

A

not realizing a change in our environment

81
Q

cocktail party effect

A

the ability to focus on a particular stimulus while filtering out others

82
Q

absolute thresholds

A

smallest possible strength that can be detected half the time

83
Q

difference thresholds

A

smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time

84
Q

weber’s law

A

the size of noticeable difference will vary depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus

85
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus

86
Q

cornea

A

clear membrane covering visible part of eye that direct and gathers incoming light

87
Q

pupil

A

opening that adjusts for different amounts of light

88
Q

lens

A

actively focuses, or bends, light as it enters the eye
behind pupil

89
Q

retina

A

thin, light sensitive membrane that has sensory receptors at the back of the eye

90
Q

rods

A

highly sensitive to light, black and white
in retina

91
Q

cones

A

detect color in retina

92
Q

fovea

A

small indent that only has cones and vision is focused

93
Q

ganglion cells

A

in retina that has neurons that connect to bipolar cells
forms the optic nerve

94
Q

bipolar cells

A

specialized neurons that connect the rods and cones with ganglion cells

95
Q

optic nerve

A

carries info from back of the eye to visual cortex in the brain

96
Q

optic chiasm

A

the point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross to the other side of the brain

97
Q

transduction

A

light comes in as a form of energy and that as wavelengths and that gets interpreted in the brain

98
Q

ROYGBIV

A

long wavelengths to short

99
Q

optic disk

A

area of the retina without rods or cones where the optic nerve exits at the back

100
Q

blind spot

A

the spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye which makes a small gap in the field of vision

101
Q

accomodation

A

process where the lens changes shape to focus light so it falls on the retina

102
Q

color

A

the experience of color that includes light, hue, saturation, and brightness

103
Q

hue

A

color itself

104
Q

saturation

A

the purity of light wave

105
Q

brightness

A

intensity of a color

106
Q

young-helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

the sensation of color results because cones in retina are especially sensitive to red light, green light, and blue light

107
Q

opponent-process theory

A

colors come in pairs and it can turn off and on

108
Q

color blindness

A

the inability to turn on and off the interpreter of opponent color theory

109
Q

audition

A

the technical term for the sense of hearing

110
Q

outer ear

A

consists of the pinna, eat canal, and eardrum

111
Q

middle ear

A

amplifies sound waves
consists of the hammer, anvil, and the stirrup

112
Q

inner ear

A

sound gets translated to neural impulses
cochlea and semicircular canals

113
Q

eardrum

A

sends vibrations to inner ear

114
Q

cochlea

A

coiled, fluid-filled inner ear
contains basilar membrane and hair cells

115
Q

basilar membrane

A

membrane within cochlea that contains hair cells

116
Q

hair cells

A

hair like sensory receptors for sound

117
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

still vibrates, but doesn’t send neural messages

118
Q

cochlear implants

A

interprets messages to send to the auditory complex

119
Q

olfaction

A

technical name for sense of smell

120
Q

olfactory bulb

A

ending of the olfactory cortex where the sense of smell is processed

121
Q

pheromones

A

chemical signals that convey info and affect behavior of other animals of the same species

122
Q

gustation

A

technical name for taste

123
Q

umani

A

savory tastes like soy and meath broths

124
Q

nociceptors

A

specialized sensory receptors for pain that are found in the skin, muscles, and internal organs

125
Q

substance P

A

a neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain

126
Q

bottom-up processing

A

data-driven processing

127
Q

top-down processing

A

conceptually-driven processing

128
Q

ESP (extrasensory perception)

A

perception of information other than the normal

129
Q

parapsychology

A

scientific investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena and abilities

130
Q

monocular clues

A

can be processed by either eye alone

131
Q

binocular cues

A

requires the use of both eyes

132
Q

perceptual constancy

A

tendency to perceive objects as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input

133
Q

size constancy

A

the perception of an object as maintaining the same size despite changing images on the retina

134
Q

shape constancy

A

tendency to think something has a fixed shape regardless of image

135
Q

perceptual illusions

A

misperception of true characteristics of object or images

Psychology (1 decks)

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