Game 1: Intro, Research Methods, Neuroscience, Behavior, Sensation, Perception Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of psychology?
A
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
2
Q
when did psychology start and how?
A
late 1800s and branched from philosophers
3
Q
what method do psychologists study behavior with?
A
scientific method
4
Q
psychiatry
A
more medical than studies. focuses on how humans change over the course of their lives with developments in the mind, social, and cultural impact
5
Q
health psychology
A
examines how behavior and human psychology affect health
6
Q
social psychology
A
examines human mind and perception and how it is affected by others in our environment
7
Q
educational psychology
A
concentration on how people learn
8
Q
cognitive psychology
A
study of the human thought process
9
Q
neuropsychology
A
applies studies of human behavior as it relates to the central nervous system
10
Q
industrial and organizational psychology
A
study of human behavior in the workplace
11
Q
forensic psychology
A
deals with legal cases
12
Q
sport psychology
A
focuses on the mental side of athletic performance
13
Q
hypothesis
A
a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study
14
Q
confirmation bias
A
seek out evidence that confirms an existing belief while ignoring contradictory evidence
15
Q
naturalistic observation
A
observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting
16
Q
case study
A
study of a small group of individuals or an individual
17
Q
neuron
A
core structure in the brain that carries chemical messages in the brain to the body
activates glands and muscles
as a whole it is the nervous system
18
Q
nerves
A
cluster of neurons
19
Q
presynaptic neuron
A
sending neuron
20
Q
postsynaptic neuron
A
receiving neuron
21
Q
dendrites
A
fibers that extend from a neuron and receive information
22
Q
cell body (soma)
A
processes nutrients and provides energy
has the nucleus
23
Q
axon
A
single, long fluid tube that carries the message
24
Q
glial cells (glia)
A
support cells that assist neurons with structural support
manufacture myelin
provide nutrition and aid in cell wastes
25
myelin sheath
white fatty covering that wraps around the axons of some neurons
26
synaptic vesicles
tiny pouches that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters
27
synapse
point of communication between two neurons
28
synaptic gap
the tiny space between neurons
29
axon terminal
branches at the end of the axon that contain synaptic vesicles
30
synaptic transmission
process of neurotransmitters being released by one neuron and affecting adjoining neurons
31
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron
32
reuptake
process of neurotransmitter molecules detaching from a postsynaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled
33
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
medication to increase the availability of serotonin
34
neuron at rest
has more negative energy inside cell
35
what elements are found inside a neuron cell
sodium (Na) and potassium (K)
36
how does a neuron become more positive?
sodium coming in through ion channels
37
resting potential
positive outside, negative inside
38
threshold of excitation
minimum level of stimulation to activate a particular neuron
39
action potential
potassium ions exit the axon and sodium enters
more positive in axon
40
agonist
drug or other chemical that triggers a response
ex. alcohol triggers gaba creating less excitement so less messages get through
41
antagonist
a drug or other chemical substance that blocks a receptor site and prevents receiving
42
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord that consists of nerves that cannot be replaced or repaired
carries messages from brain to spinal cord to other muscles/glands
43
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
consists of nerves that connect all the way to glands, muscles, and sensory organs
nerves are able to regenerate
consists of ANS and SNS
44
somatic nervous system
transports signals to and from voluntary muscles
45
autonomic nervous system
internal organs, muscles, and glands except digestive system
no control "auto"
consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
46
sympathetic nervous system
the use of energy and action
increases blood pressure and heart rate
47
parasympathetic nervous system
conserves energy
reduces blood pressure and heart rate
functions during sleep
48
endocrine system
glands that transmit hormones
49
neurogenesis
development of new neurons
50
plasticity
the brain's ability to change function and structure
51
cerebral cortex
wrinkled outer portion that has most sophisticated brain centers
52
cerebral hemispheres
the symmetrical halves of the brain
53
corpus callosum
part that links the two cerebral hemispheres by a thick band of axons
54
temporal lobe
near temples
primary receiving area for auditory info
55
occipital lobe
at the back
visual info
56
parietal lobe
above temporal lobe
somatic (touch) sensations
57
frontal lobe
largest lobe
processes voluntary muscle movements
includes thinking, planning, and emotions
58
brain stem
located at base of brain, above spinal cord that connects the two
connections between heart and lungs
59
olfactory bulb
sense of smell is processed
under frontal lobe
60
hindbrain
cerebellum, medulla, pons
61
cerebellum
voluntary body movements
62
medulla
involuntary movements
part of brain stem so sends messages
63
pons
muscle station between areas of the brain
helps send signals from cerebellum and cortex
64
midbrain
tectum, tegmentum
65
tectum
receiving stimulus inputs from eyes, ears, and skin
66
superior colliculus
input from retina and visual cortex in tectum
67
inferior colliculus
receives input from auditory pathway
68
tegmentum
movement and arousal
69
forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus
70
limbic system
group of forebrain structures
71
hippocampus
learning and forming new memories
72
amygdala
cluster of neurons
memory and emotional response, especially fear
73
broca's area
pierre paul broca
left hemisphere
speech
74
wernicke's area
left temporal lobe
written and spoken language
75
aphasia
inability to articulate ideas due to brain injury
76
sensation
"raw" data we recieve
77
perception
the process of understanding sensations
78
selective attention
only able to pay attention to a certain amount of stimuli at one time
79
inattentional blindness
something not perceived in plain sight
80
change blindness
not realizing a change in our environment
81
cocktail party effect
the ability to focus on a particular stimulus while filtering out others
82
absolute thresholds
smallest possible strength that can be detected half the time
83
difference thresholds
smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time
84
weber's law
the size of noticeable difference will vary depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus
85
sensory adaptation
the decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus
86
cornea
clear membrane covering visible part of eye that direct and gathers incoming light
87
pupil
opening that adjusts for different amounts of light
88
lens
actively focuses, or bends, light as it enters the eye
behind pupil
89
retina
thin, light sensitive membrane that has sensory receptors at the back of the eye
90
rods
highly sensitive to light, black and white
in retina
91
cones
detect color in retina
92
fovea
small indent that only has cones and vision is focused
93
ganglion cells
in retina that has neurons that connect to bipolar cells
forms the optic nerve
94
bipolar cells
specialized neurons that connect the rods and cones with ganglion cells
95
optic nerve
carries info from back of the eye to visual cortex in the brain
96
optic chiasm
the point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross to the other side of the brain
97
transduction
light comes in as a form of energy and that as wavelengths and that gets interpreted in the brain
98
ROYGBIV
long wavelengths to short
99
optic disk
area of the retina without rods or cones where the optic nerve exits at the back
100
blind spot
the spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye which makes a small gap in the field of vision
101
accomodation
process where the lens changes shape to focus light so it falls on the retina
102
color
the experience of color that includes light, hue, saturation, and brightness
103
hue
color itself
104
saturation
the purity of light wave
105
brightness
intensity of a color
106
young-helmholtz trichromatic theory
the sensation of color results because cones in retina are especially sensitive to red light, green light, and blue light
107
opponent-process theory
colors come in pairs and it can turn off and on
108
color blindness
the inability to turn on and off the interpreter of opponent color theory
109
audition
the technical term for the sense of hearing
110
outer ear
consists of the pinna, eat canal, and eardrum
111
middle ear
amplifies sound waves
consists of the hammer, anvil, and the stirrup
112
inner ear
sound gets translated to neural impulses
cochlea and semicircular canals
113
eardrum
sends vibrations to inner ear
114
cochlea
coiled, fluid-filled inner ear
contains basilar membrane and hair cells
115
basilar membrane
membrane within cochlea that contains hair cells
116
hair cells
hair like sensory receptors for sound
117
sensorineural hearing loss
still vibrates, but doesn't send neural messages
118
cochlear implants
interprets messages to send to the auditory complex
119
olfaction
technical name for sense of smell
120
olfactory bulb
ending of the olfactory cortex where the sense of smell is processed
121
pheromones
chemical signals that convey info and affect behavior of other animals of the same species
122
gustation
technical name for taste
123
umani
savory tastes like soy and meath broths
124
nociceptors
specialized sensory receptors for pain that are found in the skin, muscles, and internal organs
125
substance P
a neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain
126
bottom-up processing
data-driven processing
127
top-down processing
conceptually-driven processing
128
ESP (extrasensory perception)
perception of information other than the normal
129
parapsychology
scientific investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena and abilities
130
monocular clues
can be processed by either eye alone
131
binocular cues
requires the use of both eyes
132
perceptual constancy
tendency to perceive objects as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input
133
size constancy
the perception of an object as maintaining the same size despite changing images on the retina
134
shape constancy
tendency to think something has a fixed shape regardless of image
135
perceptual illusions
misperception of true characteristics of object or images
