Gambling Addition

Question 1

What percentage of the UK gamble?

Answer 1

56%

Question 2

When was the gambling act introduced and what did it allow?

Answer 2

2005, allows fixed odds betting terminals eg. Roulette.

Question 3

Where and by how much are you most likely to gamble in the UK?

Answer 3

Northern cities, boroughs of London and other places with high unemployment. 4 Times more likely.

Question 4

Who is Justyn Larcombe?

Answer 4

Began betting online
Small wins - Upped the stakes
Spent more and more gambling
Convinced he could win it all back
£70,000 worth of debt and no marriage

Question 5

Who is Keith Gillespie?

Answer 5

Footballer
Bet up to £100,000 daily
Chased his losses by upping the stakes

Question 6

Ko et al (2010) looked at what and found what?

Answer 6

Gamblers perform worse at decision making tasks
4 virtual decks - some good, some bad
Gamblers kept picking bad deck despite losing
Believed their luck would change
Linked to the orbitalfrontal cortex dysfunction
Failure to learn from loss

Question 7

What did Deleuze et al (2015) do/find?

Answer 7

Online Survey (n=770)
0.77% state they gamble everyday
2.2% gamble a few times a week
Consists of regular gamblers - May not be a problem yet
Quite small percentages when applied to a larger scale

Question 8

What did Sussman et al (2011) find?

Answer 8

Gambling addition - 2% prevalence
Compared to:
- Alcohol - 10%
- Nicotine - 15%

Question 9

What must a patient have to be diagnosed according to DSM-5?

Answer 9

Gambling causes clinical stress, they also have 4 or more of the criteria within a 12 month period.

Question 10

What are some of the criteria for gambling addition diagnosis?

Answer 10

Gambles when distressed
If money is lost, will return to win it back
Lies to conceal the extent of the problem

Question 11

What does gambling addiction have strong comorbidity with?

Answer 11

Substance addiction

Question 12

What did Guebaly et al (2008) find?

Answer 12

Gamblers 3.8% more likely to have alcohol use disorder

Question 13

What did the DSM-5 re-classify gambling disorder to be?

Answer 13

Substance related and addictive behaviour

Question 14

What are the 5 main points that make a behavioural addiction similar to a substance addiction?

Answer 14

Tolerance
Personality
Progression of addition
Biological causes
Treatment

Question 15

What is meant by Tolerance?

Answer 15

Increased intensity (Stake) to get the same mood effects (Blanco et al 2001)
Very similar to drug abuse

Question 16

What is meant by Personality related to behavioural addiction?

Answer 16

High on impulsivity and sensation seeking (Kim and Grant - 2001)

Question 17

What is meant by Progression of addition and what are the differences in males and females?

Answer 17

Early onset of gambling is predictor of addition in MALES

FEMALES have later onset but progress faster to addiction. Known as Telescoping (Potenza 2001).

Question 18

What are the biological causes of behavioural addition?

Answer 18

Serotonin + Dopamine are linked in both behavioural and substance disorders (Potenza 2008)

Diminished activity in prefrontal cortex - Associated with substance and behavioural addiction (London et al 2000)

Question 19

What can be used to treat behaviour addiction?

Answer 19

Naltrexone - can be used for both disorders (Kim et al 2001)

Its an opioid receptor antagonist - Blocks binding of opioids to receptor - Dampens euphoria.

Question 20

What are Griffiths’ (2005) 6 components to every addiction?

Answer 20

• Salience - Most important activity
• Mood modification - Subjective experience following activity
• Tolerance
• Withdrawal symptoms - Unpleasant feelings when activity stopped
• Conflict - Too much time spent causes conflict with family/friends/work
• Relapse - Activity restored after period of control

Question 21

What were the main changes between DSM-IV and DSM-V?

Answer 21

1 less criteria needed for diagnosis in DSM-V

DSM-IV had criteria relating to crime to fund gambling

Question 22

What did Rennert et al (2014) do/find)

Answer 22

Sampled 1507 people in substance dependency study
DSM-VI diagnosed 563
DSM-V diagnosed 678

Little impact caused by the removal of illegal acts from the DSM on diagnosis - wasn’t very common criteria