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MSK LCRS > GALS screen > Flashcards

GALS screen Flashcards

1
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Partial dislocation

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2
Q

What is arthralgia?

A

Subjective joint pain without demonstrative inflammation

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3
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of a joint seen in a clinical setting

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4
Q

Give an example of acute arthritis

A

Gout

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5
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of gout and give the name used to describe this phenomenon

A

Depositions of monosodium urate crystals (TOPHI) causes pain

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6
Q

Which joint is commonly affected in gout?

A

Knee
Ankle
1st MTP (big toe)

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7
Q

What is another name for the 1st MTP being affected in gout?

A

Podagra

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8
Q

Which joints are typically spared in polyarticular gout?

A

Axial joints (spine)

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9
Q

List four sites of swelling

A

Bone
Articular soft tissue
Periarticular soft tissue
Non - articular synovial areas

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10
Q

Which tissue is involved in swelling of the articular soft tissue?

A

Synovium or effusion

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11
Q

Which tissue is involved in swelling of the periarticular soft tissue?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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12
Q

Give two examples of tissues involved in non-articular synovial swelling

A

Bursa

Tendon sheaths

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13
Q

Swelling of which sites would be indicative of osteoarthritis?

A

Swelling of the articular ends of bones

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14
Q

Swelling of which sites would be indicative of inflammatory joint disease?

A

Synovium/periarticular soft tissue/subcutaneous tissue

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15
Q

What would swelling of non-articular synovial areas e.g. bursa and tendon sheath suggest?

A

Inflammation of the structure involved

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16
Q

Give three signs of irreversible joint damage

A

Joint deformity
Crepitus
Loss of joint range or movement

17
Q

What is Reiter’s syndrome?

A

Triad of:
Conjunctivitis
Urethritis
Arthritis following infection

18
Q

In which condition does one see Reiter’s syndrome?

A

Reactive arthritis

19
Q

Give two signs of mechanical defect

A

Instability e.g. side to side movement of tibia on femur

Painful restriction of movement in absence of inflammation

20
Q

What is the official name for synovial fluid examination?

A

Arthrocentesis

21
Q

When would you do arthrocentesis?

A

To confirm suspected crystal arthritis e.g. gout

If joint infection is suspected

22
Q

What are the contraindications for arthrocentesis?

A

Bleeding disorders
Low platelet count
Anti coagulant drugs
Overlying skin infection

23
Q

List three complications of arthrocentesis

A

Introduction of infection into joint
Haemarthrosis (bleeding into joint)
Damage to structures within joint

24
Q

What examinations are done on the fluid?

A

Gram staining
Ab sensitivity assay
Polarising light microscopy (birefringence)

25
Q

What is the birefringence outcome for gout crystals?

A

Negative

26
Q

What is the differential for gout and what is the birefringence of this?

A

Pseudogout, positive

27
Q

What shape are the crystals in pseudogout and what crystals are these?

A

Brick shaped

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals

28
Q

What shape are the crystals in gout and what crystals are these?

A

Urate crystals

Needle shaped

29
Q

What colour is normal aspirated fluid and what causes this colour?

A

Clear/pale yellow - due to hyaluronic acid

30
Q

If the fluid is slightly turbid, what does this suggest?

A

Non inflammatory condition such as osteoarthritis or mechanical defects

31
Q

If the fluid is quite turbid, what does this suggest?

A

Inflammation; gout or RA

32
Q

If the fluid is very turbid, what does this suggest?

A

Bacterial infection

33
Q

List three risk factors for septic arthritis

A

Impaired host defence
Direct penetration
Joint damage

34
Q

Explain Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

White - vasospasm
Blue - venous blood
red - reactive hyperaemia

MSK LCRS (8 decks)

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