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Normal Gait & Biomechanics > Gait Phases > Flashcards

Gait Phases Flashcards

1
Q

What is human walking?

A

A series of controlled falls; forward progression of the body w/one foot always on the ground.

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2
Q

What is a Gait Cycle?

A

The time from Initial Contact (IC) on the same foot, including both stance and swing phase.

Normal Adult: ~1sec (0% - 100% GC)

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3
Q

What are the functional tasks of Gait Cycle?

A
  1. Weight Acceptance
  2. Single Limb Support
  3. Swing Limb Advancement
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4
Q

Weight Acceptance is:

A

The smooth transfer of body weight to lead or “reaching’ limb.

Requires: shock absorption, stability & forward progression.

Occurs in IC, LR

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5
Q

Advancing body weight over single limb requires:

A

Stabilty & Forward progression

Single Limb Support (MSt, TSt)

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6
Q

Swing Limb Advancement consists of:

A

PSw, ISw, MSw, TSw

Preparing and advancing limb through swing for foot clearance & limb advancement.

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7
Q

What is mEFAP?

A

modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile

Outcome measure to assess gait.

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8
Q

List Temporal Spatial Norms:

A
  • Walking Speed
  • Cadence
  • Temporal Data: Stance, swing & stride time
  • Spatial Data: Step & stride length, step width

Step & Stride Length = Sagittal Plane; Step Width = Coronal Plane

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9
Q

What is Walking Speed (Velocity)?

Walking Speed = Distance/Time

also: WS = stride length x 1/2 cadence

A

The distance traversed during a specified time period (m/sec or m/min).

Men: 1.37 m/sec; Women: 1.30 m/sec

from textbook

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10
Q

What is normal walking speed?

A

1.5m/s (3mph)

from notes

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11
Q

Cadence is:

A

The # of steps taken during a specified time period (steps/min).

C = Steps/Time

Men: 108 steps/min; Women: 118 steps/min
110-120 range; women walk faster due to shorter steps.

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12
Q

Stride Length is:

Spatial Data

A

The linear distance between two (2) sucessive events (IC in normal gait) on the same limb.

Right heel contact to right heel contact; Walking Speed/0.5cadence

Men: 1.51m; Women: 1.32m; 1.56.5cm (lectures)

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13
Q

What are the two main subphases of Gait?

A

Stance & Swing

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14
Q

Define Stance:

Temporal Data

A

The time when the foot is in contact with the support surface during one gait cycle.

Right foot IC —> right foot Toe Off

62% GC

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15
Q

Stance consists of:

A

DLS —> SLS (right) —> DLS

IC, LR, MSt, TSt, PSw

DLS = Double Limb Stance; SLS = Single Limb Support

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16
Q

Swing consists of:

A

Single Limb Support (Left)

ISw, MdSw, TSw

17
Q

What is the duration of Stance?

A

0.62 sec (62% GC)

Occurs from 0% to 62% GC

18
Q

Define SLS:

Single Limb Support

A

The time when only one foot is in contact with the support surface during one GC.

right foot SLS is initiated by left toe-off and ends at left foot IC

19
Q

Stance

What is the duration of SLS?

A

0.38 sec (38% GC)

Occurs from 12% - 50% GC

20
Q

Stance

Define DLS:

Double Limb Support

A

The time when both feet are in contact with the support surface during one GC. Weight transfer is occuring between both limbs.

Remember: Initial DLS (LR) & Terminal DLS (Pre-swing)

0.24sec (24% GC)

21
Q

Stance

Define Loading Response (LR):

AKA: Initial Double Limb Stance

A

The time when right foot is in IC, and ends at left foot toe off.

Controlled weight transfer to the stance limb; shock absorption.

2% - 12% GC

22
Q

Stance

Define Pre-Swing:

AKA: Terminal Double Limb Stance

A

The time when the support limb is being unloaded.

ie, left foot IC to right foot Toe-off

50% - 62% GC

23
Q

Define Swing:

Single Limb Support

A

The time when the foot is airborne during one GC.

ie, right foot toe-off to right foot IC

24
Q

Initicial Contact is:

A

the instant when the foot contact the support surface (flat foot)

IC: Flat Foot (R); Toe Off (L)

Heel contact to advance CoM forward (heel rocker).

25
Q

What are the objectives of IC & LR?

IC + LR = Weight Acceptance

A
  • Shock Absorption - lowest CoM position 5%
  • Stability
  • Forward Progression - to vertical tibia (12% GC)

IC + LR = 0% - 12% GC

26
Q

Stance

12% - 31% GC:

Single Limb Support

A

Mid Stance (MSt)

Objectives: stability + fwd progression

1st half of SLS; ankle rocker.

Flat foot (R); Toe Off (L) to Heel Off (L)

27
Q

Highest CoM position is during:

CoM = Center of Mass

A

Mid Stance - 30%

Center of Mass is at ** S2** vertebra.

28
Q

Stance

31% - 50% GC:

Single Limb Support

A

Terminal Stance

Heel rise (R) initiates 2nd half of SLS; Heel Off (L) + IC (L)

Objectives: stability + fwd progression (forefoot rocker)

29
Q

Stance

50% - 62% GC:

Double Limb Stance

Swing Limb Advancement

A

Pre-Swing

Body wgt transferred from trailing to ‘reaching’ limb;

IC (L) w/Flat Foot (L) + Toe-Off (R)

Objectives: Position for swing + accelerate progression

30
Q

Stance: Pre-Swing

What enables limb to prepare for swing?

A

Unweighting, which is tranferring wgt from trailing to reaching/leading limb.

Results in toe only contact (toe rocker)

31
Q

Swing Phase

62% - 75% GC

First 1/3

Swing Limb Advancement

A

Initial Swing
Foot lifts from ground during 1st one-third of swing & advances to opposite stance foot.

Flat foot (L) w/Toe-Off (R) = Parallel Thighs

Objectives: Foot clearance + limb advancement

32
Q

What joint motion achieves foot clearance during ISw?

A

Knee flexion

33
Q

When are the thighs parallel?

Femurs are both vertical!

A

Initial Swing

62% - 75% GC

34
Q

Swing

75% - 87% GC

Middle 1/3

A

Mid Swing

Parallel thighs w/vertical tibia (R) due to limb advancement;

Objectives: Foot clearance + limb advancement

35
Q

What joint motion in Mid Swing allows toe clearance?

A

Ankle dorsiflexion

36
Q

Swing

87% - 100% GC

Final 1/3

A

Terminal Swing

Tibia advances + limb prepares for IC (heel first)

Vertical Tibia (R) prepares for IC (R)

Objectives: Complete limb advancement + prepare for stance

37
Q

How does the knee prepare for heel contact during TSw?

A

Knee extends

Normal Gait & Biomechanics (2 decks)

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