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EPHE 341 final > Gait Analysis > Flashcards

Gait Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is gait

A
  • pattern of movement of the limbs during locomotion over a solid substance
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2
Q

normal human gait strives to maintain? while moving the body along desired path

A
  • weight bearing stability
  • conserving energy
  • absorbing shock of floor impact
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3
Q

2 reasons why we should measure walking gate

A
  • to find out how we walk (what is normal and why)
  • to understand walking as a baseline measure to understand
  • -> healthy vs unhealthy
  • -> ages
  • -> genders
  • -> races
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4
Q

gait analysis involves measures of?

A

kinetics, kinematics, EMG

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5
Q

pressure mats and insoles hep determine?

A
  • estimates of COP when walking
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6
Q

what measurement type gives us the most detailed info about kinetics

A
  • force plates
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7
Q

combining kinematics and kinetics can allows us to use what?

A

inverse dynamics to calculate joint forces, torques and muscle forces

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8
Q

name four methodologies of kinematics

A
  • passive marker systems: use reflective markers and multiple cameras
  • active marker systems: use active markers that are triggered to illuminate (electromagnetic systems track position of coordinates and orientation of sensors)
  • electrical goniometers: electrical device measuring joint angles (simple cheap)
  • accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometer
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9
Q

name the 5 steps of the stance phase in order

A
  • initial contact
  • loading response
  • mid stance
  • terminal stance
  • pre swing
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10
Q

the stance phase is what percentage of the gait cycle

A

62%

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11
Q

name the 3 steps of the swing phase in order

A
  • initial swing
  • mid swing
  • terminal swing
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12
Q

what percent of the gait cycle is the swing phase?

A

38%

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13
Q

when is the first double support and when is the second double support?

A
  • initial contact

- terminal stance/pre swing

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14
Q

what 3 steps of the stance phase involve single leg support

A
  • loading response, mid stance, terminal stance
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15
Q

the 2 periods of double stance together take up what percentage of the gait cycle

A

25%

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16
Q

initial contact. begins and ends when? what percent?

A
  • instantaneous point when leading foot touches the ground, 0 %
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17
Q

loading response. what percent?

A
  • body weight transferred onto stance limb (0-10%)
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18
Q

midstance. what percent?

A
  • contralateral foot leaves the ground and body weight travels along the length of the foot until forefoot (10–30%)
19
Q

Terminal stance. begins and ends when? what percent?

A
  • begins with heels rise, ends when opposite foto contacts the ground (30-50%)
20
Q

preswing. begins and ends when? what percent?

A

begins with opposite foot contact, ends with ipsilateral toe off, stance limb unloaded and body weight transfered onto opposite limb (50-60%)

21
Q

terminal contact?

A

instant when the foot leaves the ground

22
Q

initial swing. begins and ends when. what percent?

A
  • begins moment the foot leaves the ground and continues until max knee flexion (60-70%)
23
Q

midswing. begins and ends when, what percent

A
  • following max knee flexion and ends when tibia in in vertical position (70-80%)
24
Q

terminal swing. begins and ends when.

A
  • tibia passes over perpendicular and knee fully extends in preparation for heel contact (85-100%)
25
Q

the joint moment is determined by?

A
  • the muscle moment

- the amplitude and line of action of the Ground reaction force

26
Q

3 functional tasks of walking

A
  • weight acceptance
  • single limb support
  • limb advancement
27
Q

explain the inverted pendulum

A

during the single limb support the body (c of G) vaults over the extended limb with minimal energy expenditure

  • -> anytime your in the middle stance you shouldnt need alot of muscle/ leg support
  • -> during double limb support there is a redirection of the whole body ( C of G) over the extended limb and the inverted pendulum continues on the other side (major energy expenditure)
28
Q

6 determinants of gait/ help conserve energy

A
  1. pelvic rotation
  2. pelvic obliquity
  3. knee flexion in stance phase
  4. ankle mechanism
  5. foot mechanism
  6. lateral displacement of body
29
Q

what does pelvic rotation allow?

A

allows us to have longer step length and minimizes the movement of the COG

30
Q

what does pelvic obliquity do?

A

vertical movement of the trunk is less than that of the hip because the pelvic tilt is about the anteroposterior axis, allows COG to be kept more steady

31
Q

what is the knee mechanism in stance phase?

A

bends shortening the leg mid stance so the COG does not move up

32
Q

what s the ankle mechanism

A

heel hits first so the COG stays level and then leg lengthens as ankle beds and body comes forward

33
Q

what is the foot mechanism

A

heel rises and knee bends to keep COG level

34
Q

lateral displacement of the body allows what?

A

closer together the feet are the less lateral displacement of the body and side to side movement of the COG at the hips,

35
Q

2 things you can look for when comparing normal to abnormal gait

A
  • change in swing to stance ratio

- left/ right asymmetry

36
Q

4 common abnormalities

A
  1. lateral trunk bending
  2. anterior trunk bending
  3. posterior trunk bending
  4. leg length discrepancy
37
Q

what is lateral trunk bending?

what is the purpose of this move?

A
  • bending the trunk towards the side of the supporting limb during the stance phase
  • to reduce the forces int he abductor muscles and hip joint during single leg stance
38
Q

4 common causes of lateral trunk bending

A
  • painful hip
  • hip abductor weakness
  • leg length discrepancy
  • abnormal hip joint
39
Q

what is anterior trunk bending?

what is its purpose?

A
  • flexes the trunk forward early in the stance phase

- used to move the COG forward moving LOA in front of the knee producing an extension movement

40
Q

a common cause of anterior trunk bending

A
  • poor quad strength, dont want to bend your knee. so leaning forward helps bend knee
41
Q

what is posterior trunk bending?

what is its purpose?

A
  • back bend early in stance

- LOA brought to external force behind the axis of hip joint creating a hip extensor movement

42
Q

a common cause of posterior trunk bending

A

weak gluts

43
Q

4 gait abnormalities of leg length discrepancy

A
  • circumduction: swing leg outward
  • hip hiking: pelvis lifted on side of swinging leg
  • steppage: exaggerated knee and hip flexion to lift foot higher than usual during swing
  • vaulting: stance phase modification, go up on toes of stance phase

EPHE 341 final (3 decks)

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