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Fundamentals of Gait > Gait analysis > Flashcards

Gait analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Why evaluate gait?

A

= most common physical activity performed by humans
= inability to walk limits ones ability to participate in society
=Abnormalities in gait can cause decreased efficiency and increased energy cost

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2
Q

How do abnormal gait patterns affect LE?

A
  • joint stress (bone and cartilage)
  • Soft tissue strain (ligament and tendon)
  • Muscle overuse
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3
Q

Clinical indications for Gait analysis?

A
  • pain, instability, inability to walk quickly/efficiently/over distances
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4
Q

Functions of locomotor unit in gait?

A
  • Shock absorption
  • Stance stability (passive and active)
  • Forward progression
  • Energy conservation
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5
Q

define shock absorption?

A

contacting the ground creating an impact force (passively and actively) –> GRF

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6
Q

example of passive shock absorbers?

A

Bone and cartilage

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7
Q

example of active shock absorbers?

A

eccentric muscle contraction

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8
Q

How can one determine if gait is more passive or more active?

A

loading response ! (phase in the gait cycle)

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9
Q

which muscle group is the primary shock absorber in walking?

A

quadriceps

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10
Q

When does passive stance stability occur? Saggittal

A

it is when the Center of Mass is directly aligned over the Base of Support –> therefore least amount of muscular effort.

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11
Q

Where is the COM in relation to the majority of the gait cycle?

A

the COM is majorly behind the (reference limb) foot and the force vector behind the ankles.

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12
Q

When does “dynamic stability” occur?

A

When there is an internal response from our muscles TO an external torque.

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13
Q

How about stance stability in the frontal plane?

A

people are inherently unstable ( ie single limb stance) –> more muscular control required

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14
Q

define forward progression?

A

the transition of COM over a distance

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15
Q

list the stages of forward progression

A
  • heel rocker
  • ankle rocker
  • forefoot rocker
  • forward fall of bodyweight
  • swing limb momentum
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16
Q

what happens in heel rocker forward progression?

A
  • strike with heel –> first initial contact (creating a pivot point about the calcaneous) –> thereby rocking the tibia forward
  • overall creates instability
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17
Q

what happens in ankle rocker forward progression?

A
  • when foot is flat on the ground, the ankle dorsiflexes allowing COM to move over the foot
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18
Q

what happens in forefoot/toe rocker forward progression?

A
  • heel comes off the ground –> allows the COM to progress beyond the BOS
  • essentially a continuation of ankle rocker
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19
Q

what happens in forward fall of body weight?

A
  • it sets up the contralateral leg to begin heel rocker stage due to COM goes beyond the foot
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20
Q

what happens in Swing limb momentum?

A

limb swings forward helping the COM forwardly progress

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21
Q

define how to conserve energy in terms of gait:

A
  • Keep the COM stable as possible, not moving excessively –> this is the best way to walk

(less muscular effort)

22
Q

When is the COM at its peak?

A
  • during the single limb stance
23
Q

when is the COM at its lowest?

A
  • during double limb stance
24
Q

Movement analysis language?

A

phase
objective
critical event

25
Q

define a phase

A
  • a portion of a given movement cycle
26
Q

objective

A
  • the basic requirements of a given phase
27
Q

critical event

A
  • joint or segment motions or positions that are required to accomplish an objective for a given phase
28
Q

what is the breakdown percentage of stance and swing of the 7 stages of the gait cycle

A

60% stance

40% swing

29
Q

what defines “stance” in the gait cycle?

A
  • when the reference foot is in contact with the floor
30
Q

what defines “swing” in the gait cycle?

A
  • when the reference foot is NOT in contact with the floor
31
Q

What is the breakdown of the stance section in the gait cycle?

A
  • initial double limb support 10%
  • single limb support 40%
  • Terminal double limb support 10%
32
Q

what is the breakdown of the swing section in the gait cycle?

A
  • initial swing 13.3%
  • mid swing 13.3%
  • terminal swing 13.3%
33
Q

Objectives of loading response?

A
  • Shock absorption (met via crit event knee flexion)
  • forward progression ( met via heel rocker event)
  • weight bearing stability ( crit event at the hip)
34
Q

Objective of mid stance?

A
  • Progression of COM over BOS ( ankle rocker)

- Single limb stance stability

35
Q

objective of terminal stance?

A
  • Progression of COM beyond BOS ( forefoot rocker)
36
Q

objective of pre swing stance?

A
  • Initiate limb movement
37
Q

objective of initial swing?

A
  • limb advancement

- foot clearance !!!!!

38
Q

objective of mid swing?

A
  • continued limb advancement

- continued foot clearance

39
Q

objective of terminal swing?

A
  • complete limb advancement

- prepare limb for stance

40
Q

what are the characteristics of stride?

A
  • velocity
  • stride length
  • cadence( rhythm)
41
Q

What does velocity in gait?

A
  • ones walking ability

- speed tells functional ABILITY of walking

42
Q

what is the average velocity of walking?

A

80m(eters)/min (3 mph)

43
Q

Stride length is proportional to _____?

A

leg length

44
Q

Define stride length?

A

initial heel contact to the next heel contact of the ipsilateral leg

45
Q

define step length?

A

heel contact of ipsilateral limb to the heel contact of the contralateral limb

46
Q

what is cadence measured in?

A

____ steps/ min

47
Q

convert 108 steps/min to strides

A

54 strides/min ( divide by 2)

48
Q

convert 220 steps/min to strides

A

110 strides/ min

49
Q

the equation for velocity

A

velocity = Stride length x .5 cadence

50
Q

Bobby’s stride length is 1.64m, while he is able to step 100 steps/ min…. what is his velocity?

A

1.64 m x ((.5)(100))

Fundamentals of Gait (3 decks)

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