Gait

Question 1

When heel touches ground

Beginning of stance phase, weight acceptance begins

Answer 1

initial contact

Question 2

joint motion for initial contact:

hip

knee

ankle

pelvic rotation

Answer 2

hip: flexed 30°
knee: extension 0°, possible 5° flexion
ankle: neutral (90°)

pelvic rotation: anterior

Question 3

foot flat, entire foot contacts ground, heel rocker

weight is shifted onto limb and the entire foot makes contact w/ ground

Answer 3

loading response

Question 4

joint motion loading response:

hip

knee

ankle

pelvic rotation

Answer 4

hip: 30° flexion moving to extension
knee: 15-20° flexion
ankle: 15° plantar flexion

pelvic rotation: anterior

Question 5

loading response peak torque muscles:

Answer 5

tibialis anterior (eccentric)

also quads, biceps femoris, glute max, adductor magnus

Question 6

when the opposite foot leaves the ground

ends when the body is directly over the weight bearing limb

ankle rocker

Answer 6

midstance

Question 7

joint motion midstance:

hip

knee

ankle

pelvic rotation

Answer 7

hip: extension –> neutral
knee: brief 18° flexion –> 0° extension
ankle: 10° dorsiflexion

pelvic rotation: neutral

Question 8

peak torque muscles during midstance

Answer 8

quads (early in phase), glute med concentrically, gastroc and soleus eccentrically

Question 9

body passes beyond stance leg, single limb support ends, forefoot rocker

as the heel of the weight bearing limb rises, ends at initial contact of the opposite foot

Answer 9

terminal stance

Question 10

joint motion terminal stance

hip

knee

ankle

pelvic rotation

Answer 10

hip: 10° extension
knee: 0°
ankle: 10° dorsiflexion –> 5° plantarflexion

pelvic rotation: posterior

Question 11

terminal stance peak torque muscles

Answer 11

gastroc/soleus concentrically

Question 12

begins at initial contact of the opposite leg when weight is shifted onto opposite

ends just before the toes of the weight bearing limb leave the ground

brief time of DLS

Answer 12

preswing

toe off

Question 13

joint motion preswing:

hip

knee

ankle

pelvic rotation

Answer 13

hip: neutral
knee: 40° flexion
ankle: 20° plantarflexion

pelvic rotation: posterior

Question 14

peak torque muscle for preswing

Answer 14

iliacus

preswing is mostly a passive movement

Question 15

begins when toes leave ground

ends when swing foot is opposite, the weight bearing foot and the knee is in maximal flexion

Answer 15

initial swing

acceleration

Question 16

joint motion initial swing

hip

knee

ankle

pelvic rotation

Answer 16

hip: 20° flexion
knee: 60° flexion
ankle: 10° plantar flexion –> neutral

pelvic rotation: posterior

Question 17

peak torque muscles during initial swing

Answer 17

tibialis anterior, long toe extensors, hamstrings, biceps femoris short head, sartorius, gracilis

Question 18

begins when swing foot is opposite weight bearing foot

ends when the swing leg is in front of the body and tibia is perpendicular to ground

max knee flexion for clearance required

Answer 18

midswing

Question 19

joint motion midswing

hip

knee

ankle

pelvic rotation

Answer 19

hip: 30° flexion
knee: 30° flexion
ankle: neutral

pelvic rotation: neutral

Question 20

peak torque muscles during midswing

Answer 20

tibialis anterior concentrically

iliacus

Question 21

begins when tibia is vertical to ground

ends just prior to initial contact

Answer 21

terminal swing

deceleration

Question 22

joint motion at terminal swing

hip

knee

ankle

pelvic rotation

Answer 22

hip: 30° flexion
knee: 0°
ankle: neutral

pelvic rotation: anterior

Question 23

peak torque muscles during terminal swing

Answer 23

hamstrings eccentrically

tibialis anterior concentrically

(quads)

Question 24

Total Range requirements for gait at hip:

Answer 24

flexion: 30°
extension: 10°

Question 25

total range requirements for gait at knee:

Answer 25

flexion: 60°
extension: 0°

Question 26

total range requirements for gait at ankle:

Answer 26

dorsiflexion: 10°
plantarflexion: 20°