Gait Flashcards by Helena Lee

what are the 2 phases of gait?

stance phase and swing phase

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how much percentage is stance phase of a full gait cycle?

62%

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how much percentage is swing phase of a full gait cycle?

38%

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what are the three periods in a stance phase?

contact period
mid stance period
propulsive period

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how much percentage is contact period of a full gait cycle?

17%

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how much percentage is contact period of a stance phase?

27%

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how much percentage is mid stance period of a full gait cycle?

25%

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how much percentage is mid stance period of a stance phase?

40%

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how much percentage is propulsive period of a full gait cycle?

20%

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how much percentage is propulsive period of stance phase?

33%

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lordosis

abnormal spine; peaks at the end of stance phase on the affected side

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T/F increased arm swing is proportional to the same side pelvic rotation

FALSE. increased arm swing is proportional to the opposite side pelvic rotation

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how can you tell if the pt has abnormal heel?

if > 5 degrees eversion is visible

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contact period

begins when heel strikes; when FF loads, it ends

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midstance period

begins with FF loading and ends with heel off

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propulsive period

begins with heel off and ends with toe off

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what are 2 indications of LLD (limb length discrepancy)?

head tilt and shoulder drop

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T/F during stance phase, knee should 5 degrees internally rotate from heel contact position of the knee

TRUE

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patellar position:

internal torsion of femur –> _____ patellar position

internal

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patellar position: external torsion of femur –> _____ patellar position

external

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abductory twist

STJ needs to be max pronated –> yields heel adduction at heel lift

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antalgic gait

walking with pain; quick soft steps

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spastic gait

unbalanced muscle, some sort of deformity, equines (cannot bring ankle 10 degrees past 90 degrees with knee flexed/extended)

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ataxic gait

has 2 types (spinal and cerebellar); has a wide base of gait

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Parkinsonian gait

trunk is bent forward (so the pt has forward momentum); short, shuffling steps

paralytic gait

have muscle paralysis/weakness due to nerve/muscle/osseus pathology

when we discuss gait, mature gait is considered over ______ years of age

what are the phases of walking in order?

development > rhythmic > decay

describe what marks the beginning and end of the stance phase:

heel contact > toe off

what subdivision of the stance phase is the shortest

contact phase > 10% of gait, 18% of stance

explain the significance of "rockers"

fulcrum to encourage motion

110 steps per minute describes?

cadence

what is the average cadence?

101-122/min

when cadence increases, double support _____ (inc/dec)

decreases

the distance of one heel strike to the next heel strike is on average _____''

3.5''

when tracking the center of gravity, the motion created is best described as a _____

spiral

the action of muscles on bones and joints is best described by which Newton's law?

1st- an object at rest will stay at rest unless another force acts upon it

describe the mechanisms by which we conserve energy

1) pelvic rotation 2) pelvic tilt 3) knee flexion in stance 4) knee flexion with foot DF and PF 5) lateral displacement of pelvis

energy use by muscles is greatest at which of the lower extremity joint(s)?

ankle and hip

the pelvis internally rotates during which phases of gait?

contact phase and swing phase

during the contact phase of gait, what motion occurs at the STJ?

pronation

arch collapse during contact phase primarily unctions to:

provide shock absorption

during the contact phase of gait, ankle joint PF is countered by which muscles?

AT, EDL, EHL

during mid stance, the lumbricales and interossei function to..

stabilize the proximal and middle phalanges for propulsion

the posterior tibial and peroneus longs muscles work on the 2 mid tarsal joints during mid stance. which joint does the tibialis posterior work on and what is the motion it causes?

oblique MTJ > supination

the posterior tibial and peroneus longs muscles work on the 2 mid tarsal joints during mid stance. which joint does the P. longus work on and what is the motion it causes?

longitudinal MTJ > pronation

as the STJ supinates, what happens to the MTJ, creating what effect?

MTJ locking > rigid leverl

during the propulsive phase, which rocker is operating?

FF rocker @ the MTPJ

during active propulsion, supination occurs at which 2 joints?

STJ, OMTJ

describe the windlass mechanism

engaging of the plantar fascia by extending the hallux resulting in higher arch, STJ supination and LMTJ pronation (PF of 1st ray = FF valgus)

during active propulsion, which intrinsic muscle resists transverse splay of the FF?

adductor hallucis

during mid stance and into active propulsion, which extrinsic muscle functions to create 1 unit between the calcaneus, cuboid and 5th metatarsal?

peroneus brevis

by the end of passive lift off, the GRF reaches which value?

near 0

the STJ supinates through passive lift off. what action causes the motion to convert to pronation?

EDH/EHL take over during swing to allow for toe clearance

the oblique MTJ supinates during passive lift off. explain how this happens starting with the external rotation of the tibia

tibia externally rotates > abduction of the talus > PF and adduction of the FF = OMTJ supination

which muscle causes the longitudinal MTJ to resupiante during swing?

tibialis anterior

during which 2 phases are the gastric and soleal complex not working?

passive lift off and swing

[HIGH YIELD] when does "double float" phase occur?

during running

explain the first phase of walking, development

initiation of movement from rest to acceleration

explain the second phase of walking, rhythmic

steady rate (after acceleration has stopped)

explain the third phase of walking, decay

deceleration

[HIGH YIELD] what are the "rockers"

fulcrum to encourage motion

[HIGH YIELD] in which phase is the heel rocker?

contact phase

[HIGH YIELD] in which phase is the ankle rocker?

midstance phase

[HIGH YIELD] in which phase is FF rocker?

active propulsion and passive lift off

[HIGH YIELD] cadence

- step rate (# of steps/min) - avg 101-122/min - cadence slows with age - greater in women than in men - as cadence increases, stance and swing time decreases and so does double support

[HIGH YIELD] stride

- distance between 2 consecutive contacts of the same foot | - men= 14% greater than women

[HIGH YIELD] step

-distance between heel contact of one to heel contact of another

[HIGH YIELD] COG (center of gravity) rises by how much in mid stance?

25mm