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Movement Science > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Gait Speed

A

1.4 m/s

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2
Q

Define Gait Cycle/Stride

A

Heel contact to ipsilateral heel contact

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3
Q

Stance Phase

A

The first 60% of the gait cycle during normal walking speed
From heel contact to toe off
Limb is in contact with the ground supporting body weight

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4
Q

Swing Phase

A

The last 40% of the gait cycle in normal walking speed
From toe off to contralateral heel contact
Foot off ground and advancing forward

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5
Q

Traditional Subdivisions of Gait

A

Heel Contact
Foot Flat
Midstance
Heel Off/Rise
Push Off
Toe Off

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6
Q

Primary positive power generator for gait

A

Ankle Plantarflexors

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7
Q

Secondary positive power generator for gait

A

Hip flexors

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8
Q

Heel contact

A

Instant the heel contacts the ground

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9
Q

Foot flat

A

Entire plantar surface of the foot contacts the ground

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10
Q

Mid-Stance

A

Body weight directly over supporting limb

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11
Q

Frontal Plane Critical Event

A

Pelvic Stability

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12
Q

Heel Off/Rise

A

Heel lifts off the ground (30-40% gait cycle)

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13
Q

Push Off

A

40-60% gait cycle
Active ankle plantarflexion

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14
Q

Push Off

A

40-60% gait cycle
Active ankle plantarflexion

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15
Q

Toe Off

A

At 60% gait cycle
Toes leave the ground

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16
Q

8 Rancho Los Amigos Gait Phases

A

Initial Contact
Loading Response
Mid-Stance
Terminal Stance
Pre-Swing
Initial Swing
Mid-Swing
Terminal Swing

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17
Q

Initial Contact

A

Heel contacts the ground
0% gait cycle

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18
Q

Loading Response

A

Initial contact to opposite toe off, weight is rapidly transferred onto stance limb
0-12% gait cycle

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19
Q

Mid-Stance RLA

A

Opposite Toe off to Heel Rise
12-31% of gait cycle

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20
Q

Terminal Stance

A

Heel Rise to Contralateral Initial Contact
31 - 50%

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21
Q

Pre Swing

A

Opposite initial contact to toe off
50 - 62%

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22
Q

Early Swing

A

Toe off to mid-swing
60 - 75%

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23
Q

Mid-Swing

A

Roughly when swing knee passes stance knee
75 - 85%

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24
Q

Late Swing

A

End of Mid Swing to Heel Contact
85 - 100%

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25
Q

3 Functional Tasks of Gait

A

Weight Acceptance
Single Limb Support
Swing Limb Advancement

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26
Q

Weight Acceptance Includes What Phases?

A

Initial Contact and Loading Response

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27
Q

Single Limb Support Includes What Phases?

A

Mid-Stance and Terminal Stance

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28
Q

Swing Limb Advancement Includes What Phases?

A

Pre-Swing
Initial Swing
Mid-Swing
Terminal Swing

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29
Q

Critical Event of Initial Contact

A

Heel first contact

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30
Q

Critical Events of Loading Response

A

Controlled Knee Flexion
Heel Rocker
Hip/Pelvic Stability

31
Q

Critical Events of Mid - Stance

A

Hip/Pelvic Stability
Ankle Rocker

32
Q

Critical Events of Terminal Stance

A

Forefoot rocker ( & heel rise w/ 60 degrees extension @ MCP joints)
Hip Extension 10-20 degrees

33
Q

Critical Events Pre-Swing

A

Rapid ankle plantar flexion
Passive knee flexion

34
Q

Critical Event of Initial Swing

A

Peak Knee Flexion 60 degrees

35
Q

Critical Events of Mid-Swing

A

Peak Hip Flexion 30 degrees
Ankle dorsiflexion to neutral

36
Q

Critical Event of Terminal Swing

A

Knee Extension to Neutral

37
Q

External Demand @ Hip in Weight Acceptance

A

Peak Flexion
Adduction

38
Q

External Demand @ Hip in Single Limb Support

A

Flexion to Peak Extension
Peak Adduction

39
Q

External Demand @ Hip in Swing Limb Advancement

A

Pre- to Initial Swing: Extension & adduction

Mid- to Terminal Swing: Flexion

40
Q

External Demand @ Knee in Weight Acceptance

A

Peak, Rapid Extension to Peak Flexion

41
Q

External Demand @ Knee in Single Limb Support

A

Flexion to Extension

42
Q

External Demand @ Knee in Swing Limb Advancement

A

Passive Flexion from ankle plantarflexion

Extension in Terminal Swing

43
Q

External Demand @ Ankle in Weight Acceptance

A

Peak Plantarflexion

44
Q

External Demand @ Ankle in Single Limb Support

A

Peak Dorsiflexion at end

45
Q

External Demand @ Ankle in Swing Limb Advancement

A

Dorsiflexion

46
Q

Maximal Muscle Activity of Ankle Dorsiflexors

A

During Early Loading Response
Type: Eccentric

47
Q

Maximal Muscle Activity of Ankle Plantarflexors

A

During Terminal Stance
Type: Eccentric

48
Q

Maximal Activity of Knee Extensors

A

During Loading Response
Type: Eccentric

49
Q

Maximal Activity of Knee Flexors

A

During Teminal Swing**
to control knee movement/avoid hyperextension
Type: mostly Eccentric (SemiTend Concentric and Biceps Short is not really active)

50
Q

Maximal Muscle Activity Hip Extensors

A

During Loading Response
Type: Isometric

51
Q

Maximal Muscle Activity Hip Flexors

A

During Pre-Swing and Initial Swing
Type: Concentric

52
Q

Average Adult Step Rate/Cadence

A

115 steps/minute

53
Q

Average Adult Foot Progression Angle

A

10 - 14 degrees

54
Q

T or F: The Pelvis Moves in All Three Cardinal Planes During Gait

55
Q

What to look for when identifying pelvic kinematics in gait?

A

Rotation
Anteroposterior Tilt
Lateral Tilt
Lateral Shift

SYMMETRY

56
Q

Normal Rotation Pelvic Kinematics

A

3 - 4 degrees of L and R in each direction
Rotate away from stance limb Loading Response
Rotate toward stance limb Mid-Stance through Terminal Stance
Rotate Away from Swing Limb in Swing Phase

57
Q

Normal Anteroposterior Tilt Pelvic Kinematics

A

2 - 4 degrees each direction (pretty minimal)
Posterior Tilt: Loading Response, Terminal Stance to Initial Swing, Terminal Swing into Loading Response
Anterior Tilt: during Mid-Stance and Mid-Swing

58
Q

Normal Lateral Tilt in Pelvic Kinematics Gait

A

5 - 7 degrees from horizontal
Total of 10 -15 degrees total up and down

>5 degree drop is trendelenburg

59
Q

Normal Lateral Shift Pelvic Gait Kinematics

A

2 - 3 inches

view from posterior

60
Q

Describe Initial Heel Contact

A

Beginning of new gait cycle, heel contacts ground

61
Q

Describe Heel Rocker

A

Ankle joint segement hinges at the heel
Controlled plantarflexion occurs

62
Q

Describe Controlled Knee Flexion

A

to 15 degrees

63
Q

Describe Hip/Pelvic Stability CE

A

Frontal Plane: slight controlled pelvic drop
Saggital: controlled hip flexion

64
Q

Describe Ankle Rocker

A

Controlled tibial advancement @ talocrural joint via exxentric plantarflexors

65
Q

Describe Forefoot Rocker

A

MTP joint to 60 degrees extension

66
Q

Describe Hip Extension 10 - 20 degrees

A

Should reach trailing limb posture

67
Q

Describe Rapid Ankle Plantar Flexion

A

This is important as it is the pre-swing power generator

68
Q

Describe Passive Knee Flexion

A

Knee Flexion should reach 60 degrees

Happens as a result of Rapid Ankle Plantar Flexion

69
Q

Describe Hip Flexion in Swing Limb Advancement

A

Should reach 30 degrees

70
Q

Ankle Dorisflexion in Swing Limb Advancement

A

To neutral

71
Q

Describe Knee Extension in Swing Limb Advancement

A

Should reach Neutral

72
Q

What 8 subsystems are pre-requisites to locomotion at Individual Level

A

Pattern Generation
Articular Differentiation
Postural Control (visual, somatosensory, vestib)
Tonus control
Extensory Strength
Body Constraints/Ability
Motivation

73
Q

How does gait change/look different in a child?

A

Wider BOS
Arms at high gaurd
Short step and stride length
Decreased hip extension in trailing limb @ terminal stance
Decreased initial flexion wave at swing
Foot Flat at Initial Contact
Decreased DF during mid/terminal swing

Movement Science (3 decks)

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