Gabby Lewis Flashcards
Last exam
1
Q
Tannin containing herbs play a role in
A
Acute diarrhea
2
Q
Common Name: Plantago species
A
Psyllium
3
Q
Common Name: Vacccinium myrtillus
A
Bilberry
4
Q
Which is not a source of polyphenolic oligomers of the flavonoid type?
A
Cordyseps
5
Q
The mechanism of S. bouldadrii is to antagonize pathogens and stimulate immune system. T or F
A
TRUE
6
Q
Common Name: Silybum marianum
A
Milk Thistle
7
Q
Which herb has been studied for cancer treatment?
A
European mistletoe
8
Q
Goldenseal is the most appropriate for antimicrobial treatment, not systemic due to poor absorption. T or F.
A
TRUE
9
Q
Which 2 prep of Echinacea were approved by German Commission E?
A
Expressed juices of aerial parts of E. purpurea
Alcohol extracts of root of E. [pallida
10
Q
What is the mechanism of action: Psyllium husk
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative
A
Bulk forming laxative
11
Q
T or F: Studies such as Dorn (1989), showing that echinacea can shorten the duration of a cold, typically give larger amounts of the preparation when symptoms first appear, followed by a smaller dosage for the remainder of treatment.
A
TRUE
12
Q
What is the physiological action of an Expectorant?
- Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
- Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
- Induces perspiration
- Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
- Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A
4
13
Q
What is the physiological action of an Anti-tussive?
- Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
- Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
- Induces perspiration
- Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
- Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A
2
14
Q
According to our text, why may liquid echinacea preparations be more effective than solid forms that are swallowed?
- Liquid preparations may encourage better compliance
- Liquid preparations may have higher concentrations of active constituents
- Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx
- Liquid preparations may be better absorbed
A
3
15
Q
What is the physiological action of a Mucilaginous?
- Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
- Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
- Induces perspiration
- Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
- Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A
1
16
Q
Common name: Sambucus nigra
A
Elder
17
Q
Common name: Hedera helix
Elder
Ivy
Butterbur
A
Ivy
18
Q
Which plant part is used in Ivy? bulb leaf leaf and flowers root bark
A
Leaf
19
Q
Which plant part is used in Linden, elder, or meadowsweet? bulb leaf only flowers root bark
A
Flower
20
Q
Which plant part is used in Eucalyptus? bulb leaf only leaf and flowers root bark
A
Leaf
21
Q
What is the active constituent of Eucalyptus ?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids
A
Cineol
22
Q
What is the mechanism of action: Sorbitol
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative
A
Osmotic laxative
23
Q
What is the mechanism of action: Aloe latex
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative
A
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
24
Q
The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent?
A
Pectins
25
What is the mechanism of action: Senna pods and leaves
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative
Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
26
T or F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles.
FALSE
27
Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.
1. Osmotic agents
2. Anthranoid-containing herbs
3. Bulk-forming agents
Anthranoid containing herbs
28
According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but one of the following causes. Which one?
1. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
2. Travel-related diarrhea
3. Nutritionally-related (feeding by gavage)
4. Infectious diarrhea
Infectious diarrhea
29
Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA-approved for use in over-the-counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data?
1. Cascara
2. Aloe
3. Senna
4. Rhubarb
Cascara and aloe
30
Which botanical laxative is contraindicated in cases of biliary obstruction and other biliary (refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work ) disorders?
1. Aloe
2. Castor oil
3. Senna
4. Buckthorn
Castor oil
31
Senna may be contraindicated in people taking either diuretics, horsetail, or licorice, due to concerns about altered blood levels of ___________
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Potassium
32
Which of the following is an FDA-approved non-prescription drug?
1. Cascara
2. Senna
3. Rhubarb
4. Buckthorn
Senna
33
Allergic reactions to milk thistle are more common among people allergic to all of the following except one. Which one?
```
ragweed
chrysanthemum
marigold
Wheat
daisy
```
Wheat
34
Common name: Serenoa repens
Black cohosh
Saw palmetto
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
35
Common name: Urtica dioica
Nettle
Chasteberry
Wheat
Nettle
36
Common name: Prunus africana
Chasteberry
Pygeum
Black cohosh
Pygeum
37
Common name: Vitex agnus-castus
Saw palmetto
Chasteberry
Nettle
Chasetberry
38
Common name: Cimicifuga racemosa
Chasteberry
Pygeum
Black cohosh
Black cohosh
39
Which plant part is used in Saw palmetto?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome
Fruit
40
Which plant part is used in Chasteberry?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome
Fruit
41
Which plant part is used in Nettle?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome
root or rhizome
42
Which plant part is used in Pygeum?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome
Bark
43
Fatty acids and sterols are the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh
Saw palmetto
44
Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, and ferulic acid estersare the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh
Pygeum
45
Which plant part is used in Black cohosh?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome
Root or rhizome
46
Triterpene glycosides are the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh
Black cohosh
47
T or F: Fat soluble extract prepared with hexane or liquid carbon dioxide are the extraction features of clinically-studied preparations of Saw palmetto.
TRUE
48
What is the extraction features of clinically-studied preparations of Nettle?
11: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with alcohol-water solvent
10: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with methanol-water solvent
10: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with alcohol-water solvent
11: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with methanol-water solvent
2
49
Which herb has been best demonstrated for effectiveness against benign prostatic hypertrophy, based on the largest number of total subjects enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and comparisons with both placebo and established medical therapies?
Horse chestnut
garlic
saw palmetto
Saw palmetto
50
All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been identified for nettle extracts. Which one is NOT a mechanism for nettle extracts?
1. Inhibit prostatic aromatase
2. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
3. Anti-inflammatory effects
4. Reduce blood prolactin levels
4
51
Astragalus family?
Fabaceae or Solanaceae?
Fabaceae
52
Common Name for Una de Gato, species Uncaria
Cat's Claw
53
Which herb contains oxindole alkaloids?
Cat's Claw
54
Common name for Centella asiatica or Hydrocotyle asiatica?
Gotu Kola
55
Part of plant used in Rhodiola?
root
56
Two of the following mechanisms have been demonstrated for pygeum extracts, one has not. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for pygeum extracts?
1. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
2. Inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity
3. Interactions with sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
3
57
All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts?
1. Reduce blood prolactin levels
2. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
3. Inhibit prostatic aromatase
4. Anti-inflammatory effects
3
58
The clinical effects of chasteberry probably depend on modifying the activity of which hormone?
Prolactin
59
A case of necrotizing hepatitis has been associated with use of which herb?
Black cohosh
60
Which of the following is TRUE?
1. Saw palmetto appears to affect readings of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels
2. Blue cohosh is an acceptable substitute for black cohosh
3. People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson's disease medications, should avoid using chasteberry.
3
61
```
Common name: Eleutherococcus senticosus
Siberian ginseng
Gotu kola
Goldenseal
American ginseng
```
Siberian ginseng
62
```
Common name: Panax quinquefolius
Siberian ginseng
Cat's claw
American ginseng
Gotu kola
```
American ginseng
63
Common name: Centella asiatica
Cat's claw
American ginseng
Gotu kola
Gotu kola
64
Common name: Hydrastis canadensis
American ginseng
Gotu kola
Goldenseal
Goldenseal
65
Form protective coating
| EX: Mullein, Marshmallow, Plantain
mucilaginous herbs
66
Which plant part is used in Ginseng and Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)?
Root
67
```
Glycosidal saponins are the active constituents in _____
Asian ginseng
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
European mistletoe
Goldenseal
```
Asian ginseng
68
```
Lignan glycosides are the active constituents in _____
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
European mistletoe
Asian ginseng
Goldenseal
```
Siberian ginseng
69
```
Procyanidins are the active constituents in _____
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
Asian ginseng
Goldenseal
European mistletoe
```
Grape seed
70
```
Berberine is the active constituents in _____
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
European mistletoe
Asian ginseng
Goldenseal
```
Goldenseal
71
Clinical studies of Asian ginseng before 1990, while not always meeting current standards of research methodology, suggested most of the following effects in humans. Which one of the following was NOT suggested by early clinical studies?
1. Improved physical performance
2. Improved mood
3. Improved intellectual performance
4. Improved resistance to infection
4
72
According to our text, what is the likely reason that western ginseng trials have not produced results as promising as Asian tradition and research has suggested?
Western trials used dosages that were too low
73
According to the German Commission E monograph, all of the following uses for ginseng except one are recommended. Which one is not recommended in the monograph?
1. For declining capacity for work and concentration
2. For fatigue and debility
3. To improve mood
4. As an aid to convalescence
3
74
Which constituent is apparently not present in expressed juice echinacea products?
1. alkamides
2. polysaccharides
3. cicoric acid
3
75
All of the following side effects have been reported for ginseng. According to NCCAM, which group may have been due to another herb or drug in the ginseng product?
1. Headaches and sleep and gastrointestinal problems
2. Allergic reactions
3. Lower levels of blood sugar in diabetics
4. Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure
4
76
```
Lectins are the active constituents in _____
Asian ginseng
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)
Grape seed
European mistletoe
Goldenseal
```
European mistletoe
77
People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to echinacea if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?
1. Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
2. Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle and green molly
3. Mountain cedar, maple, elm
4. Ryegrass, timothy, blue, and orchard grasses
Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
78
What is the physiological action of a Diaphoretic?
- Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
- Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
- Induces perspiration
- Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
- Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
Induces perspiration
79
What is the active constituent of Ivy?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids
Saponins
80
What is the active constituent of Ephedra?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids
Alkaloids
81
Which one of the following herbs has NOT been traditionally used to induce diaphoresis (sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug.)?
1. Elder
2. Linden
3. Ivy
4. Meadowseet
Ivy
82
Which one of the following herbs is NOT used as a source of essential oils in cough remedies and expectorants?
1. Eucalyptus
2. Pine
3. Butterbur
4. Thyme
Butterbur
83
Prospan is the brand name of the herbal product containing which botanical species?
Ivy
84
Which herb has potential adverse effects including palpitations, elevated blood pressure, and sleeplessness?
Ephedra
85
Which one of the following has NOT been traditionally used as a mucilaginous herb?
1. Mullein
2. Ivy
3. Marshmallow
4. Plantain
Ivy
86
```
Which plant part(s) of petasides hybridus (butterbur) was first used for an extract called Ze 339, developed to treat allergic rhinitis?
bulb
leaf only
leaf and flowers
root
bark
```
Leaf
87
Indicate which one of the clinical conditions listed that has NOT responded to treatment with ivy (Hedera helix) extract in controlled trials, according to our text.
1. Chronic obstructive bronchitis in adults
2. Chronic obstructive bronchitis in children
3. Respiratory infections in children
4. Bronchial asthma in children
3
88
_____ increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity; liquefy pulmonary secretions EX: Eucalyptus, thyme
expectorant herbs
89
Uva ursi active constituents
arbutin
90
Common name for Rhamnus frangula? and plant part
Buckthorne, bark
91
Which herb's main constituent is anthraquinone?
Buckthorne
92
Part of plant in milk thistle
Fruit
93
Which herbs main constituent is silybinin?
Milk thistle
94
Common name for Cucurbita pepo
pumpkin seeds
