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Botanical Medicine > Gabby Lewis > Flashcards

Gabby Lewis Flashcards

Last exam

1
Q

Tannin containing herbs play a role in

A

Acute diarrhea

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2
Q

Common Name: Plantago species

A

Psyllium

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3
Q

Common Name: Vacccinium myrtillus

A

Bilberry

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4
Q

Which is not a source of polyphenolic oligomers of the flavonoid type?

A

Cordyseps

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5
Q

The mechanism of S. bouldadrii is to antagonize pathogens and stimulate immune system. T or F

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Common Name: Silybum marianum

A

Milk Thistle

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7
Q

Which herb has been studied for cancer treatment?

A

European mistletoe

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8
Q

Goldenseal is the most appropriate for antimicrobial treatment, not systemic due to poor absorption. T or F.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Which 2 prep of Echinacea were approved by German Commission E?

A

Expressed juices of aerial parts of E. purpurea

Alcohol extracts of root of E. [pallida

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Psyllium husk

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Bulk forming laxative

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11
Q

T or F: Studies such as Dorn (1989), showing that echinacea can shorten the duration of a cold, typically give larger amounts of the preparation when symptoms first appear, followed by a smaller dosage for the remainder of treatment.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What is the physiological action of an Expectorant?

  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
  • Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
  • Induces perspiration
  • Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A

4

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13
Q

What is the physiological action of an Anti-tussive?

  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
  • Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
  • Induces perspiration
  • Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A

2

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14
Q

According to our text, why may liquid echinacea preparations be more effective than solid forms that are swallowed?

  1. Liquid preparations may encourage better compliance
  2. Liquid preparations may have higher concentrations of active constituents
  3. Liquid preparations may act locally on lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx
  4. Liquid preparations may be better absorbed
A

3

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15
Q

What is the physiological action of a Mucilaginous?

  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
  • Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
  • Induces perspiration
  • Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A

1

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16
Q

Common name: Sambucus nigra

A

Elder

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17
Q

Common name: Hedera helix
Elder
Ivy
Butterbur

A

Ivy

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18
Q 
Which plant part is used in Ivy? 
bulb 
leaf 
leaf and flowers 
root 
bark
A

Leaf

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19
Q 
Which plant part is used in Linden, elder, or meadowsweet? 
bulb 
leaf only 
flowers 
root 
bark
A

Flower

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20
Q 
Which plant part is used in Eucalyptus? 
bulb 
leaf only 
leaf and flowers 
root 
bark
A

Leaf

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21
Q

What is the active constituent of Eucalyptus ?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids

A

Cineol

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Sorbitol

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Osmotic laxative

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Aloe latex

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa

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24
Q

The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent?

A

Pectins

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action: Senna pods and leaves

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Osmotic laxative
Bulk forming laxative

A

Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa

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26
Q

T or F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles.

A

FALSE

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27
Q

Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.

  1. Osmotic agents
  2. Anthranoid-containing herbs
  3. Bulk-forming agents
A

Anthranoid containing herbs

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28
Q

According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but one of the following causes. Which one?

  1. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  2. Travel-related diarrhea
  3. Nutritionally-related (feeding by gavage)
  4. Infectious diarrhea
A

Infectious diarrhea

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29
Q

Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA-approved for use in over-the-counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data?

  1. Cascara
  2. Aloe
  3. Senna
  4. Rhubarb
A

Cascara and aloe

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30
Q

Which botanical laxative is contraindicated in cases of biliary obstruction and other biliary (refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work ) disorders?

  1. Aloe
  2. Castor oil
  3. Senna
  4. Buckthorn
A

Castor oil

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31
Q

Senna may be contraindicated in people taking either diuretics, horsetail, or licorice, due to concerns about altered blood levels of ___________
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium

A

Potassium

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32
Q

Which of the following is an FDA-approved non-prescription drug?

  1. Cascara
  2. Senna
  3. Rhubarb
  4. Buckthorn
A

Senna

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33
Q

Allergic reactions to milk thistle are more common among people allergic to all of the following except one. Which one?

ragweed 
chrysanthemum 
marigold 
Wheat 
daisy
A

Wheat

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34
Q

Common name: Serenoa repens
Black cohosh
Saw palmetto
Pygeum

A

Saw palmetto

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35
Q

Common name: Urtica dioica
Nettle
Chasteberry
Wheat

A

Nettle

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36
Q

Common name: Prunus africana
Chasteberry
Pygeum
Black cohosh

A

Pygeum

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37
Q

Common name: Vitex agnus-castus
Saw palmetto
Chasteberry
Nettle

A

Chasetberry

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38
Q

Common name: Cimicifuga racemosa
Chasteberry
Pygeum
Black cohosh

A

Black cohosh

39
Q

Which plant part is used in Saw palmetto?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Fruit

40
Q

Which plant part is used in Chasteberry?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Fruit

41
Q

Which plant part is used in Nettle?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

root or rhizome

42
Q

Which plant part is used in Pygeum?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Bark

43
Q

Fatty acids and sterols are the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh

A

Saw palmetto

44
Q

Phytosterols, pentacyclic terpenes, and ferulic acid estersare the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh

A

Pygeum

45
Q

Which plant part is used in Black cohosh?
Fruit
Bark
Root and/or rhizome

A

Root or rhizome

46
Q

Triterpene glycosides are the active constituents of ____
Pygeum
Saw palmetto
Black cohosh

A

Black cohosh

47
Q

T or F: Fat soluble extract prepared with hexane or liquid carbon dioxide are the extraction features of clinically-studied preparations of Saw palmetto.

A

TRUE

48
Q

What is the extraction features of clinically-studied preparations of Nettle?

11: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with alcohol-water solvent
10: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with methanol-water solvent
10: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with alcohol-water solvent
11: 1 herb to extract ratio prepared with methanol-water solvent

A

2

49
Q

Which herb has been best demonstrated for effectiveness against benign prostatic hypertrophy, based on the largest number of total subjects enrolled in randomized controlled trials, and comparisons with both placebo and established medical therapies?
Horse chestnut
garlic
saw palmetto

A

Saw palmetto

50
Q

All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been identified for nettle extracts. Which one is NOT a mechanism for nettle extracts?

  1. Inhibit prostatic aromatase
  2. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  3. Anti-inflammatory effects
  4. Reduce blood prolactin levels
A

4

51
Q

Astragalus family?

Fabaceae or Solanaceae?

A

Fabaceae

52
Q

Common Name for Una de Gato, species Uncaria

A

Cat’s Claw

53
Q

Which herb contains oxindole alkaloids?

A

Cat’s Claw

54
Q

Common name for Centella asiatica or Hydrocotyle asiatica?

A

Gotu Kola

55
Q

Part of plant used in Rhodiola?

A

root

56
Q

Two of the following mechanisms have been demonstrated for pygeum extracts, one has not. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for pygeum extracts?

  1. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  2. Inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity
  3. Interactions with sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
A

3

57
Q

All of the following mechanisms, except one, have been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts. Which one has NOT been demonstrated for saw palmetto extracts?

  1. Reduce blood prolactin levels
  2. Inhibition of 5-alpha reductase enzyme
  3. Inhibit prostatic aromatase
  4. Anti-inflammatory effects
A

3

58
Q

The clinical effects of chasteberry probably depend on modifying the activity of which hormone?

A

Prolactin

59
Q

A case of necrotizing hepatitis has been associated with use of which herb?

A

Black cohosh

60
Q

Which of the following is TRUE?

  1. Saw palmetto appears to affect readings of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels
  2. Blue cohosh is an acceptable substitute for black cohosh
  3. People taking dopamine-related medications, such as certain antipsychotic drugs and Parkinson’s disease medications, should avoid using chasteberry.
A

3

61
Q 
Common name: Eleutherococcus senticosus 
Siberian ginseng 
Gotu kola 
Goldenseal 
American ginseng
A

Siberian ginseng

62
Q 
Common name: Panax quinquefolius 
Siberian ginseng 
Cat's claw 
American ginseng 
Gotu kola
A

American ginseng

63
Q

Common name: Centella asiatica
Cat’s claw
American ginseng
Gotu kola

A

Gotu kola

64
Q

Common name: Hydrastis canadensis
American ginseng
Gotu kola
Goldenseal

A

Goldenseal

65
Q

Form protective coating

EX: Mullein, Marshmallow, Plantain

A

mucilaginous herbs

66
Q

Which plant part is used in Ginseng and Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng)?

A

Root

67
Q 
Glycosidal saponins are the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_ 
Asian ginseng 
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng) 
Grape seed 
European mistletoe 
Goldenseal
A

Asian ginseng

68
Q 
Lignan glycosides are the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_ 
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng) 
Grape seed 
European mistletoe 
Asian ginseng 
Goldenseal
A

Siberian ginseng

69
Q 
Procyanidins are the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_ 
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng) 
Grape seed 
Asian ginseng 
Goldenseal 
European mistletoe
A

Grape seed

70
Q 
Berberine is the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_ 
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng) 
Grape seed 
European mistletoe 
Asian ginseng 
Goldenseal
A

Goldenseal

71
Q

Clinical studies of Asian ginseng before 1990, while not always meeting current standards of research methodology, suggested most of the following effects in humans. Which one of the following was NOT suggested by early clinical studies?

  1. Improved physical performance
  2. Improved mood
  3. Improved intellectual performance
  4. Improved resistance to infection
A

4

72
Q

According to our text, what is the likely reason that western ginseng trials have not produced results as promising as Asian tradition and research has suggested?

A

Western trials used dosages that were too low

73
Q

According to the German Commission E monograph, all of the following uses for ginseng except one are recommended. Which one is not recommended in the monograph?

  1. For declining capacity for work and concentration
  2. For fatigue and debility
  3. To improve mood
  4. As an aid to convalescence
A

3

74
Q

Which constituent is apparently not present in expressed juice echinacea products?

  1. alkamides
  2. polysaccharides
  3. cicoric acid
A

3

75
Q

All of the following side effects have been reported for ginseng. According to NCCAM, which group may have been due to another herb or drug in the ginseng product?

  1. Headaches and sleep and gastrointestinal problems
  2. Allergic reactions
  3. Lower levels of blood sugar in diabetics
  4. Breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities, and high blood pressure
A

4

76
Q 
Lectins are the active constituents in \_\_\_\_\_ 
Asian ginseng 
Eleuthero (Siberian Ginseng) 
Grape seed 
European mistletoe 
Goldenseal
A

European mistletoe

77
Q

People are more likely to experience allergic reactions to echinacea if they are allergic to which of the following groups of plants?

  1. Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies
  2. Pigweed/tumbleweed, Russian thistle and green molly
  3. Mountain cedar, maple, elm
  4. Ryegrass, timothy, blue, and orchard grasses
A

Ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies

78
Q

What is the physiological action of a Diaphoretic?

  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
  • Reduce irritability and stimulation of cough receptors above and below the pharynx
  • Induces perspiration
  • Increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity, liquefy pulmonary secretions
  • Form protective coating over pharyngeal mucosa
A

Induces perspiration

79
Q

What is the active constituent of Ivy?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids

A

Saponins

80
Q

What is the active constituent of Ephedra?
Cineol
Saponins
Alkaloids

A

Alkaloids

81
Q

Which one of the following herbs has NOT been traditionally used to induce diaphoresis (sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug.)?

  1. Elder
  2. Linden
  3. Ivy
  4. Meadowseet
A

Ivy

82
Q

Which one of the following herbs is NOT used as a source of essential oils in cough remedies and expectorants?

  1. Eucalyptus
  2. Pine
  3. Butterbur
  4. Thyme
A

Butterbur

83
Q

Prospan is the brand name of the herbal product containing which botanical species?

A

Ivy

84
Q

Which herb has potential adverse effects including palpitations, elevated blood pressure, and sleeplessness?

A

Ephedra

85
Q

Which one of the following has NOT been traditionally used as a mucilaginous herb?

  1. Mullein
  2. Ivy
  3. Marshmallow
  4. Plantain
A

Ivy

86
Q 
Which plant part(s) of petasides hybridus (butterbur) was first used for an extract called Ze 339, developed to treat allergic rhinitis? 
bulb 
leaf only 
leaf and flowers 
root 
bark
A

Leaf

87
Q

Indicate which one of the clinical conditions listed that has NOT responded to treatment with ivy (Hedera helix) extract in controlled trials, according to our text.

  1. Chronic obstructive bronchitis in adults
  2. Chronic obstructive bronchitis in children
  3. Respiratory infections in children
  4. Bronchial asthma in children
A

3

88
Q

_____ increase ciliary activity, reduce mucus viscosity; liquefy pulmonary secretions EX: Eucalyptus, thyme

A

expectorant herbs

89
Q

Uva ursi active constituents

A

arbutin

90
Q

Common name for Rhamnus frangula? and plant part

A

Buckthorne, bark

91
Q

Which herb’s main constituent is anthraquinone?

A

Buckthorne

92
Q

Part of plant in milk thistle

A

Fruit

93
Q

Which herbs main constituent is silybinin?

A

Milk thistle

94
Q

Common name for Cucurbita pepo

A

pumpkin seeds

Botanical Medicine (1 decks)

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