GA Unit 1 Flashcards
What are the planes of movement (4)
Sagittal
(Medial)
Frontal
Transverse
What are the 3 axis of movement, describe where they are in space
Longitudinal - up and down
Sagittal - front to back
Frontal - left to right
What are the systems in systemic anatomy
Digestive Reproductive Skeletal Lymphatic Integumentary Muscular Cardiovascular Urinary Respiratory Endocrine Nervous
What does “cranial” mean
towards the head
what does “caudal” mean
toward the feet
what does “rostral” mean
anterior
What does “dorsum” mean
superior aspect of any anteriorly protruding aspect of anatomy
when the thumb and pinky touch, when they return to neutral
opposition
reposition
define protrusion and retrusion
anterior and posterior movement
define protraction and retraction
anterolateral and posteromedial movements of the scapula
What is a congenital anomaly
a birth defect
what functions does skin provide (5)
protection containment thermal regulation sensation synthesis and storage of vitamin D
what are the 4 layers of skin
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
deep fascia
what are the four types of burns
superficial
partial thickness
full thickness
4th degree
what is fascia
wrapping, packaging and insulating tissues of the deep structures of the body
what is deep fascia
deep dense organized tissue layer devoid of fat that runs parallel to skin
what is investing fascia
fascia that may invest (become sheaths for) deeper structures
what is a fascial compartment
compartments of fascia that house muscles with similar function and nerve supply
what is an intermuscular septa
fascia that separates a fascicle compartment
What is a retinaculum
fascia that holds tendons in place and prevents them from bow stringing
what is subserous fascia
fascia that lie between body cavities and internal surfaces of musculoskeletal walls
what is a bursae and what is it made of
sack that lubricates a joint, serous membrane
what is a subcutaneous bursae
bursa that allows movement between skin and bony prominences
where are subfascial bursae
beneath deep fascia
what do subtendinous bursae do
facilitate movement of tendons over bone
what is a synovial tendon sheath and what is its purpose
elongated bursae that wrap around bursae as they traverse osseofibrous tunnels
when a bursa surrounds an organ cavity what are the two layers of bursa called
visceral
parietal
describe the axial and appendicular skeletons
Axial - head neck and trunk
appendicular - limbs including shoulder girdle and pelvis
what is cartilage
resilient and semirigid tissue found where flexibility is requiered
what type of cartilage is found on an articulating surface of a bone
articulating cartilage
what 5 functions do bones provide
support protection basis for movement storage for salts blood cell supply
what is the periosteum
fibrous tissue all non articulating surfaces of bone
what is the perichondrium
fibrous tissue that covers articulating surfaces of bone
what are the two types of bone tissue
compact
spongy (trabecular)
what is a spicule
the trabeculae that make up the spongy part of spongy bone
what is a bone crest
ridge of bone
what is a bone epicondyle
superior or adjacent to a condyle
what is a bone body
principal mass of bone
what is a bone capitulum
small round articular head
what is a bone condyle
knuckle like articular area
what is a bone facet
smooth flat area where bones articulate
what is a bone foramen
passage through a bone
what is a bone fossa
hollow or depressed are
what is a bone head
large round articular end
what is a bone groove
elongated depression
what is a bone line
linear elevation or ridge
what is a bone malleolus
rounded process
what is a bone neck
narrow portion proximal to the head
what is a bone notch
indentation at the end of a bone
what is a bone process
extension or projection with a particular purpose
what is a bone protuberance
bulge or projection
what is a bone shaft
body of a long bone
what is a bone spine
thorn like process
trochanter
large blunt elevation
what is a bone trochlea
spool like articular process that acts like a pully
what is a bone tubercle
small raised eminence
what is a bone tuberosity
large rounded elevation
describe intramembranous ossification
membranous bone formation, mesenchymal models
describe endochondral ossification
cartilaginous bone formation
primary ossification center
the point from which ossification of the whole bone begins
what is the diaphysis
shaft of bone ossified from primary ossification center
what is the secondary ossification center
secondary sites of bone ossification
what is the epiphysis
regions of secondary bone ossification
what is the metaphysis
flared out part of diaphysis near epiphysis
what are epiphyseal plates
growth plates at the end of bone
what are epiphyseal lines
seam formed when epiphysis fully ossifies
what are nutrient arteries and what do they travel through
they are blood vessels that enter bone
through nutrient foramina
what are Haversian systems and Volkman’s canals
osteons that conduct blood to osteocytes
what is a periosteal nerve
nerve that innervates the periosteum
what is a vasomotor nerve
nerve that regulates blood flow in the bone via vaso constriction and dilation
what is an accessory bone
a bone that develops away from main bone structure, commonly found in the foot
what is a heterotopic bone
bone that develops in a soft tissue after blood calcifies
what is the collar of callus
collagenous tissue that surrounds a bone fracture and holds it in place while it heals
what is a sternal puncture
bone harvesting method performed on the sternum
what is the difference between diarthrosis and synarthrosis joints
diarthrosis - movable
synarthrosis - not movable
what are some characteristics of a synovial joint
united by a joint capsule, surrounded by synovial membrane that is filled with synovial fluid
what are the three types of joints
synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous
what are some characteristics of a fibrous joint
united by fibrous tissue, partially movable
what is a syndemosis
type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue
what is a dento-alveolar syndesmosis
fibrous joint where a peg occupies a hole, like for teeth
what are some characteristics of a cartilaginous joint
united by hyaline or articulating cartilage
what are primary and secondary cartilaginous joints
primary - hyaline cartilage, slight bending in early life
secondary - fibrocartilage, strong and slightly movable
what is an accessory ligament
ligaments that reinforce synovial joints, either extrinsic or intrinsic
what are the 6 types of joints and an example of each
plain - acromioclavicular hinge - elbow saddle -base of the thumb condyloid - knuckle joints ball and socket - hip pivot - dens of the axis
what are articular arteries, veins and nerves
arteries - how joints receive blood
veins - accompany arteries
nerves - supply proprioceptive impulses to efferent pathways
what is Hilton’s law
nerves that supply a joint also supply muscles of that joint as well as the skin over distal attachments
what is the length of a skeletal muscle
distance between its attachment points
what is an aponeuroses
a flat sheet of tendon that anchors flat muscles
what are the 7 muscle types and what is an example of each
flat - external oblique
pennate - single (extensor digitorum longus) double (rectus femoris) multi (deltoid)
fusiform - biceps
convergent - pec major
quadrate - rectus abdominis
circular or sphincter - orbicularis oculi
multiheaded - biceps or triceps
what is the origin and insertion
origin - proximal, remains fixed
insertion - distal moves
what is reflexive muscle contraction and some examples
involuntary movement, stretch flex response, breathing
what is tonic contraction and its function
passive contraction, tone and stability
what is phasic contraction and its three types
normal contraction, concentric eccentric, isometric
what is the prime mover
main muscle in a particular movement
what is a fixator
helps movement by steadying proximal parts of the limb
what is a synergist
helps prime mover in some way, potentially multiple
what is an antagonist
oppose the action of a prime mover
where do muscles get their blood supply
all arteries in its vicinity
what is pulmonary circulation
right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium
what is systemic circulation
left ventricle to right atrium
what are the three layers of blood vessels and their structure
tunica intima - flat endothelium
tunica media - smooth muscle
tunica adventitia - outer sheath
describe a large elastic artery
they receive the brunt of the cardiac output and flex to handle the load
describe a medium muscular artery
vasoconstrict and vasodilate to control blood flow
describe small arteries and arterioles
they have narrow Lumina and thick muscular walls
what is an anastosome
communication between branches of an artery
what is a collateral circulation
alternate blood pathway that ensures blood supply distal to a blockage
what is a true terminal artery
an artery where it is impossible to provide collateral circulation, “the end of the line”
describe veins
return blood to the heart low pressure
what is an accompanying vein
accompany deep arteries and surround them to warm venous blood as it returns to the heart
what is a venule and what does it do
smallest vein, drains capillaries
what is a venous plexus
a network of veins found when they unite
what do medium veins drain and what special characteristic do they posses
venous plexus, venous valves to aid in blood return to the heart
how are large veins characterized
wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle
what is the % distribution of blood in arteries vs vains
20% in arteries 80% in veins
what is an arteriovenular anastosome and what function does it serve
a passage for blood directly from an artery to a vein without a capillary bed, thermal conservation
what is a portal venous system
venous system linking two capillary beds
describe the function of the lymphoid system
overflow system for leaked plasma, extra tissue and proteins to drain into the bloodstream
what is a lymphatic plexus
highly permeable lymphatic capillaries found in extracellular places of must tissue
what is a lymphatic vessel
thin walled vessels with valve that drain lymph from lymphatic capillaries
describe lymphatic trunks
large collection vessels that receive lymph from multiple lymphatic vessels
describe lymph
clear, watery, slightly yellow liquid conducted by the lymphatic system
describe lymph nodes
small filters located along lymphatic vessels
what is a lymphocyte
immune cells that react against foreign materials
what is a lymphoid organ, what are some examples
parts of the body that produce lymphocytes, thymus, red bone marrow, spleen
describe superficial lymphatic vessels
more numerous than veins subcutaneously, follow venous drainage
describe deep lymphatic vessels
accompany arteries, drain lymph from internal organs
what is the right lymphatic duct
structure that drains lymph from upper right quadrant of the body at the right venous angle
what is the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system
drains lymph from all but the upper right quadrant at the left venous angle
What are the two ways to divide the nervous system
central vs peripheral
autonomic vs somatic
what is the functional and structural unit of the nervous system
neuron
What are the two types of neurons that comprise the majority of the nervous system
Multipolar motor neurons
pseudounipolar sensory neurons
What is s neuroglia
type of cell in the nervous system that is non neural bus serves some other purpose, like support or nourishment
what is a neural tract
connection between two nucleuses in the cerebral cortex
what are the three bundles of connective tissue that insulate a nerve and describe them
endoneurium - surrounds nerve axons
perineurium - encloses fascicle of nerve axons
epineurium - surrounds bundles of fascicles and contains blood vessels
what is a ganglion
a collection of nerve cells outside of the CNS
