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TRI 1 - GA > GA Unit 1 > Flashcards

GA Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the planes of movement (4)

A

Sagittal
(Medial)
Frontal
Transverse

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2
Q

What are the 3 axis of movement, describe where they are in space

A

Longitudinal - up and down
Sagittal - front to back
Frontal - left to right

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3
Q

What are the systems in systemic anatomy

A 
Digestive
Reproductive
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Urinary
Respiratory
Endocrine
Nervous
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4
Q

What does “cranial” mean

A

towards the head

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5
Q

what does “caudal” mean

A

toward the feet

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6
Q

what does “rostral” mean

A

anterior

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7
Q

What does “dorsum” mean

A

superior aspect of any anteriorly protruding aspect of anatomy

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8
Q

when the thumb and pinky touch, when they return to neutral

A

opposition

reposition

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9
Q

define protrusion and retrusion

A

anterior and posterior movement

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10
Q

define protraction and retraction

A

anterolateral and posteromedial movements of the scapula

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11
Q

What is a congenital anomaly

A

a birth defect

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12
Q

what functions does skin provide (5)

A 
protection
containment
thermal regulation
sensation
synthesis and storage of vitamin D
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13
Q

what are the 4 layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous tissue
deep fascia

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14
Q

what are the four types of burns

A

superficial
partial thickness
full thickness
4th degree

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15
Q

what is fascia

A

wrapping, packaging and insulating tissues of the deep structures of the body

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16
Q

what is deep fascia

A

deep dense organized tissue layer devoid of fat that runs parallel to skin

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17
Q

what is investing fascia

A

fascia that may invest (become sheaths for) deeper structures

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18
Q

what is a fascial compartment

A

compartments of fascia that house muscles with similar function and nerve supply

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19
Q

what is an intermuscular septa

A

fascia that separates a fascicle compartment

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20
Q

What is a retinaculum

A

fascia that holds tendons in place and prevents them from bow stringing

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21
Q

what is subserous fascia

A

fascia that lie between body cavities and internal surfaces of musculoskeletal walls

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22
Q

what is a bursae and what is it made of

A

sack that lubricates a joint, serous membrane

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23
Q

what is a subcutaneous bursae

A

bursa that allows movement between skin and bony prominences

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24
Q

where are subfascial bursae

A

beneath deep fascia

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25
Q

what do subtendinous bursae do

A

facilitate movement of tendons over bone

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26
Q

what is a synovial tendon sheath and what is its purpose

A

elongated bursae that wrap around bursae as they traverse osseofibrous tunnels

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27
Q

when a bursa surrounds an organ cavity what are the two layers of bursa called

A

visceral

parietal

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28
Q

describe the axial and appendicular skeletons

A

Axial - head neck and trunk

appendicular - limbs including shoulder girdle and pelvis

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29
Q

what is cartilage

A

resilient and semirigid tissue found where flexibility is requiered

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30
Q

what type of cartilage is found on an articulating surface of a bone

A

articulating cartilage

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31
Q

what 5 functions do bones provide

A 
support
protection
basis for movement
storage for salts 
blood cell supply
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32
Q

what is the periosteum

A

fibrous tissue all non articulating surfaces of bone

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33
Q

what is the perichondrium

A

fibrous tissue that covers articulating surfaces of bone

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34
Q

what are the two types of bone tissue

A

compact

spongy (trabecular)

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35
Q

what is a spicule

A

the trabeculae that make up the spongy part of spongy bone

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36
Q

what is a bone crest

A

ridge of bone

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37
Q

what is a bone epicondyle

A

superior or adjacent to a condyle

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38
Q

what is a bone body

A

principal mass of bone

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39
Q

what is a bone capitulum

A

small round articular head

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40
Q

what is a bone condyle

A

knuckle like articular area

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41
Q

what is a bone facet

A

smooth flat area where bones articulate

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42
Q

what is a bone foramen

A

passage through a bone

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43
Q

what is a bone fossa

A

hollow or depressed are

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44
Q

what is a bone head

A

large round articular end

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45
Q

what is a bone groove

A

elongated depression

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46
Q

what is a bone line

A

linear elevation or ridge

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47
Q

what is a bone malleolus

A

rounded process

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48
Q

what is a bone neck

A

narrow portion proximal to the head

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49
Q

what is a bone notch

A

indentation at the end of a bone

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50
Q

what is a bone process

A

extension or projection with a particular purpose

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51
Q

what is a bone protuberance

A

bulge or projection

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52
Q

what is a bone shaft

A

body of a long bone

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53
Q

what is a bone spine

A

thorn like process

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54
Q

trochanter

A

large blunt elevation

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55
Q

what is a bone trochlea

A

spool like articular process that acts like a pully

56
Q

what is a bone tubercle

A

small raised eminence

57
Q

what is a bone tuberosity

A

large rounded elevation

58
Q

describe intramembranous ossification

A

membranous bone formation, mesenchymal models

59
Q

describe endochondral ossification

A

cartilaginous bone formation

60
Q

primary ossification center

A

the point from which ossification of the whole bone begins

61
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

shaft of bone ossified from primary ossification center

62
Q

what is the secondary ossification center

A

secondary sites of bone ossification

63
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

regions of secondary bone ossification

64
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

flared out part of diaphysis near epiphysis

65
Q

what are epiphyseal plates

A

growth plates at the end of bone

66
Q

what are epiphyseal lines

A

seam formed when epiphysis fully ossifies

67
Q

what are nutrient arteries and what do they travel through

A

they are blood vessels that enter bone

through nutrient foramina

68
Q

what are Haversian systems and Volkman’s canals

A

osteons that conduct blood to osteocytes

69
Q

what is a periosteal nerve

A

nerve that innervates the periosteum

70
Q

what is a vasomotor nerve

A

nerve that regulates blood flow in the bone via vaso constriction and dilation

71
Q

what is an accessory bone

A

a bone that develops away from main bone structure, commonly found in the foot

72
Q

what is a heterotopic bone

A

bone that develops in a soft tissue after blood calcifies

73
Q

what is the collar of callus

A

collagenous tissue that surrounds a bone fracture and holds it in place while it heals

74
Q

what is a sternal puncture

A

bone harvesting method performed on the sternum

75
Q

what is the difference between diarthrosis and synarthrosis joints

A

diarthrosis - movable

synarthrosis - not movable

76
Q

what are some characteristics of a synovial joint

A

united by a joint capsule, surrounded by synovial membrane that is filled with synovial fluid

77
Q

what are the three types of joints

A

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

78
Q

what are some characteristics of a fibrous joint

A

united by fibrous tissue, partially movable

79
Q

what is a syndemosis

A

type of fibrous joint that unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue

80
Q

what is a dento-alveolar syndesmosis

A

fibrous joint where a peg occupies a hole, like for teeth

81
Q

what are some characteristics of a cartilaginous joint

A

united by hyaline or articulating cartilage

82
Q

what are primary and secondary cartilaginous joints

A

primary - hyaline cartilage, slight bending in early life

secondary - fibrocartilage, strong and slightly movable

83
Q

what is an accessory ligament

A

ligaments that reinforce synovial joints, either extrinsic or intrinsic

84
Q

what are the 6 types of joints and an example of each

A 
plain - acromioclavicular 
hinge - elbow
saddle -base of the thumb
condyloid - knuckle joints
ball and socket - hip
pivot - dens of the axis
85
Q

what are articular arteries, veins and nerves

A

arteries - how joints receive blood

veins - accompany arteries

nerves - supply proprioceptive impulses to efferent pathways

86
Q

what is Hilton’s law

A

nerves that supply a joint also supply muscles of that joint as well as the skin over distal attachments

87
Q

what is the length of a skeletal muscle

A

distance between its attachment points

88
Q

what is an aponeuroses

A

a flat sheet of tendon that anchors flat muscles

89
Q

what are the 7 muscle types and what is an example of each

A

flat - external oblique
pennate - single (extensor digitorum longus) double (rectus femoris) multi (deltoid)
fusiform - biceps
convergent - pec major
quadrate - rectus abdominis
circular or sphincter - orbicularis oculi
multiheaded - biceps or triceps

90
Q

what is the origin and insertion

A

origin - proximal, remains fixed

insertion - distal moves

91
Q

what is reflexive muscle contraction and some examples

A

involuntary movement, stretch flex response, breathing

92
Q

what is tonic contraction and its function

A

passive contraction, tone and stability

93
Q

what is phasic contraction and its three types

A

normal contraction, concentric eccentric, isometric

94
Q

what is the prime mover

A

main muscle in a particular movement

95
Q

what is a fixator

A

helps movement by steadying proximal parts of the limb

96
Q

what is a synergist

A

helps prime mover in some way, potentially multiple

97
Q

what is an antagonist

A

oppose the action of a prime mover

98
Q

where do muscles get their blood supply

A

all arteries in its vicinity

99
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium

100
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

left ventricle to right atrium

101
Q

what are the three layers of blood vessels and their structure

A

tunica intima - flat endothelium
tunica media - smooth muscle
tunica adventitia - outer sheath

102
Q

describe a large elastic artery

A

they receive the brunt of the cardiac output and flex to handle the load

103
Q

describe a medium muscular artery

A

vasoconstrict and vasodilate to control blood flow

104
Q

describe small arteries and arterioles

A

they have narrow Lumina and thick muscular walls

105
Q

what is an anastosome

A

communication between branches of an artery

106
Q

what is a collateral circulation

A

alternate blood pathway that ensures blood supply distal to a blockage

107
Q

what is a true terminal artery

A

an artery where it is impossible to provide collateral circulation, “the end of the line”

108
Q

describe veins

A

return blood to the heart low pressure

109
Q

what is an accompanying vein

A

accompany deep arteries and surround them to warm venous blood as it returns to the heart

110
Q

what is a venule and what does it do

A

smallest vein, drains capillaries

111
Q

what is a venous plexus

A

a network of veins found when they unite

112
Q

what do medium veins drain and what special characteristic do they posses

A

venous plexus, venous valves to aid in blood return to the heart

113
Q

how are large veins characterized

A

wide bundles of longitudinal smooth muscle

114
Q

what is the % distribution of blood in arteries vs vains

A

20% in arteries 80% in veins

115
Q

what is an arteriovenular anastosome and what function does it serve

A

a passage for blood directly from an artery to a vein without a capillary bed, thermal conservation

116
Q

what is a portal venous system

A

venous system linking two capillary beds

117
Q

describe the function of the lymphoid system

A

overflow system for leaked plasma, extra tissue and proteins to drain into the bloodstream

118
Q

what is a lymphatic plexus

A

highly permeable lymphatic capillaries found in extracellular places of must tissue

119
Q

what is a lymphatic vessel

A

thin walled vessels with valve that drain lymph from lymphatic capillaries

120
Q

describe lymphatic trunks

A

large collection vessels that receive lymph from multiple lymphatic vessels

121
Q

describe lymph

A

clear, watery, slightly yellow liquid conducted by the lymphatic system

122
Q

describe lymph nodes

A

small filters located along lymphatic vessels

123
Q

what is a lymphocyte

A

immune cells that react against foreign materials

124
Q

what is a lymphoid organ, what are some examples

A

parts of the body that produce lymphocytes, thymus, red bone marrow, spleen

125
Q

describe superficial lymphatic vessels

A

more numerous than veins subcutaneously, follow venous drainage

126
Q

describe deep lymphatic vessels

A

accompany arteries, drain lymph from internal organs

127
Q

what is the right lymphatic duct

A

structure that drains lymph from upper right quadrant of the body at the right venous angle

128
Q

what is the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system

A

drains lymph from all but the upper right quadrant at the left venous angle

129
Q

What are the two ways to divide the nervous system

A

central vs peripheral

autonomic vs somatic

130
Q

what is the functional and structural unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

131
Q

What are the two types of neurons that comprise the majority of the nervous system

A

Multipolar motor neurons

pseudounipolar sensory neurons

132
Q

What is s neuroglia

A

type of cell in the nervous system that is non neural bus serves some other purpose, like support or nourishment

133
Q

what is a neural tract

A

connection between two nucleuses in the cerebral cortex

134
Q

what are the three bundles of connective tissue that insulate a nerve and describe them

A

endoneurium - surrounds nerve axons
perineurium - encloses fascicle of nerve axons
epineurium - surrounds bundles of fascicles and contains blood vessels

135
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a collection of nerve cells outside of the CNS

TRI 1 - GA (3 decks)

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