G9 IH Flashcards
Who created the hierarchy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
What is the first layer in the hierarchy of needs called?
Physiological needs
What are the 2 main layers in the hierarchy of needs called
Physiological and Safety needs
What things are the physiological needs
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
What things are the safety needs?
Personal security, resources, employment, health, property
What are the love and belonging needs?
Friendship, intimacy, family, connection
What are the self-actualisation needs?
desire to become the most a person can be
choose the correct option:
Identity is a
1. moral science
2. social construct
- social construct
What changes when we move from ‘I’ to ‘Us’ and vice versa
There is a change in the identity of the person as well as the collective responsibility the person owns
Who was Emile durkheim?
David Emile Durkheim was a French philosopher and scholar born on April 15th 1858. He is considered one of the main principals of sociology alongside Karl Marx, and Max Webber. Durkheim transformed our understanding of society using his theory of sociology. He traced the evolution of society from traditional to modern, emphasising the division of labour. He linked society to a living body where each system functions with each other to survive. His work focused on social order, unity and anomie (lack of social and ethical standards).
Despite personal setbacks like comments on his identity and the loss of his son, his legacy continues today
Who was Karl Marx?
Karl Henrich Marx was a German philosopher and economist who was born on May 5th 1818. He developed the theory of Marxism as well as various other social, economic and political theories. He is considered one of the 3 principal architects alongside Emile Durkheim and Max Weber
What is population density
Number of people living in an area
Why will population size grow?
they know how to survive and can adapt to their surroundings
Proper living conditions result in
Advancement in different fields
Give one example where people adapted to their surroundings to survive
Hong Kong
The land space there is very low but it also has a relatively high population. Hence to accommodate all of the people, instead of expanding their homes horizontally, they built upwards. That is one of the main reasons why Hong Kong has some of the biggest high-rise buildings in the world.
Why does population density go down
- Abortion or a lower need for reproduction
- Diseases or virus outbreaks causing a massive amount of deaths (COVID-19)
- Older population - cant reproduce
- Famine, droughts or other natural disasters
- Poverty or poor quality of Life
- Wras and man-made conflicts
What are the building blocks of a society (according to durkheim)?
Population density and Technological advancements
What is the moral density?
Ways and to what extent people interact with each other
What are the 2 different types of societies according to Durkheim?
Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity
Mechanical solidarity
Smaller and simpler society and mainly emotion-based
Pre-modern society
Easier to delegate tasks and share resources as everyone has one common goal to survive
Everyone has the same skillset
Simpler requirements
Eg - Our hunter ancestors who hunted, gathered and moved from place to place
Organic Solidarity
Modern and larger type of society
more complex
higher requirements (upper level of Maslow’s pyramid)
More luxurious
Basic needs didn’t change, instead, we added more requirements on top of it
More practical and professional as everyone has different skills
4 economic systems
- Primitive Communism
- Slavery
- Feudalism
- Capitalism
- Communism
What does the economic system do?
Divide labour and resources in an organic solidarity
Slave driven society
the economy is dependent on slaves
as you move across history, there are fewer slave-driven societies
slave-owning society
People own slaves but they are independent
the economy is not based on slaves
found in recent history
Feudalism
Prominent in Europe, this system of production was based on hereditary rule and land ownership
Monarchs had a lot of power and would distribute some of it (slaves and peasants) to their lords and vassals in exchange for military
Lords would give some power (shelter food and protection) to the knights in exchange for military
Knights would give some power (shelter and land) to the peasants and serfs for farming and rent
The church was a separate body which also held a lot of power
Eg - Roman empire
Capitalism
Employed throughout most of the world today
Ownership is based on capital rather than slaves or land
Capitalists (businessmen) use capital to hire workers to turn raw materials into something that can be used or something that can be traded, something that can be sold
Everything is based on profit and gain and about making money
Who were investors
Investors (owners of capital) use their money to invest in profitable businesses to gain profit
Problems of capitalism
- Inequality
- Economic Instability
- Monopoly power
- Environmental damage
- Immobility (difficult for people to change their situation, eg - a labourer cant be a businessman)
Slavery
- Oppressive system
- slaves were separated from their family
- Slaves had nothing except the things their master gave them, these things could also be taken back at any moment
- cheapest form of production
- slaves had no other loyalty except to their masters
Eg - Ancient greek, regarded as one of the most developed kingdoms but still used slavery as a method of production
History of Communism
After peak of capitalism, Marx and sociologists found flaws in it such as
-workers being treated unfairly
- huge pay gaps between rich and poor
This caused a revolution led by the proleteriats against the burgoises called the Labour movement in the 18th century
This movement resulted in communism where everyone owns and shares resources and there is no more social segregation
Communism
Based on our ancestors ideologies
No inherited wealth
Even distribution
Stateless - Eveyone lives together with no borders
Classless - No discrimination
Wealth is distributed based on needs rather Profit
Private poession is there but not private ownership
Moneyless society - aquisation of wealth is no longer the driving force
Communism simple defination
From each according to his ability to each according to his needs
Communism negatives
Utopian society
Unrealsitci
Formation of an hierarchy is inevitable
Eg - Lenin implmented his idea of communism in the USSR and while it was good in the started, after some protests, he made it single party state where the government had the say (which difered from marx’s communism)
KARL marx communism theory
workers would rise and revolt against elites to create a utopian society beneifical for everyone
Social groups and why do people form them?
2 or more people who interact with each other and have a collective sense of unity
peopleform social groups because of our basic need to belong (social connection) and the practical advantages groups provide (sharing of knowedlge and multiple perspectives)
Socialism
From each according to his ability to each according to his contribution
everyone will work to their abilities and get rewarded to their contributions
Communism states that everyone gets resources based on their needs, socialims states that everyone gets resoucres based on level of hard work done
Economic system based on society and social justice
How does tech change social groups?
changes the way people communicate
How does population density change social groups?
Brings people closer together
What is the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant economic, technological, and social changes that began in the late 18th century, marked by the shift from handcraft-based economies to industrial and machine-based production. Started in Great Britain with the invention of steam-powered engines
What was the industrial revolution in short
Basically, we went from making things by hand to making things by machines in a partciular place in mass amounts
Why were factories important in a social point of view
Factories provided more jobs which resulted in economic growth and mass production of goods. Mass production meant more trade and more jobs meant a new working class emerged. This also allowed for more, better quality products to be produced which helped a country’s trade and GDP
What all feilds were impacted by the indutrial revolution
Textile
Communication
Transportation
Art
Economics
Agriculturw
Innovations in transportation
introduction of steam-powered locomotives and a never-ending railway industry.
Innovations in textile
Introduction of power loom (Edward Cartwright) and spinning jenny (James Hargreaves)
Innovations in communication
Inevntion of the telegraph by Sir Francis Ronald
Innovations of the morse code by Samuel Morse
How IR changed our daily lives?
The Industrial Revolution transformed daily life by introducing machinery, urbanization, and new production methods, leading to increased efficiency. Many big modern countries like the USA are a result of industrialisation.
Why was Britain a pioneer in industrialization?
- abundance of coal deposits
- wet coal mines - mines were flooded which led to the discovery of the steam engine
- elites interested in business
- profits from imperialist countries and slaves from the transatlantic slave trade (trade triangle)
- Capatalist economyic system
- Great environmental Landscape
- Capatalist economic system
Which countries stole Britain’s railroad systems
Belgium, Switzerland, France and Germany
Local and global factors which helped Britain to industrialize:
local factors: abundant natural resources, great environmental landscape, skilled workforce, and political stability,
global factors: colonial trade, the triangular trade (Atlantic slave trade), and access to diverse raw materials
Industrialization at a global scale: Japan
Japan’s industrialisation started with western military men led by Mathews Perry entering the bay of Japan for a show of power and even colonisation
Before Japan’s IR, it was under the Tokugawa Shougante which meant the military was in control.
In fear or colonisation, a civil war broke out between the locals and the government where the locals asked for a change in the government. The locals eventually won and a new emperor was crowned - Emperor Mejji
He brought western ideologies and adapted to their technology. He created a centralised government and brought in changes in the fields of military, textiles, and ship building.
He also increased trade of raw materials for western tech
Made more schools to grow a working class and increased contact with the outside world
Despite facing challenges like high Tariffs and less raw materials, Japan still managed to industrialise and create a distinct economy where the businessmen worked closely with the government.
Industrialization at a global scale: India
Pre colonisation, India was a strong independent country and used to own 25% of the world’s industrial output. Thanks to the Mughal Empire.
But all of this changed in mid 19th century, when the textile powerhouse became Britain due to its factories
India’s large textile output had relied on hand-loom technology, but that part of the process was now done by machines in Britain
Industrialisation in Britain caused a collapse in India’s economy as machine-woven textiles were better than hand made ones and British Industrialists made sure that textile tech didn’t reach India. As a result, the indian economy crashed. Millions of laborers lost their jobs and had to grow cotton to survive.
this made India one of the largest exporters of raw cotton rather than finished textile products and the British saw this as an opportunity to colonise India by increasing trade with them and implementing policies which hurt India but helped the british
As a result, of this colonisation, food prices rose and India was hit a series of famines during that time
This was because people wernt able to afford food and the East Indian Company focused on production of cotton rather than food
With colonisation, the British stripped India of its natural resources and did whatever they could to stop India from fully industrializing. However, they still made some advancements such as railways, telegraph but that was for their benefit rather than India’s
After independence, Indian businessmen started to incorporate Western tech into traditional Indian systems. They saw the availability of raw materials and the demand for manufactured goods. They also increased trade which in turn increased India’s trade
What effects did the industrialization of cotton cloth production have on the Indian economy
yhe shift of textile production to Britain (due to IR), devastated India’s economy, leading to mass unemployment among weavers and a loss of profit as manufacturing moved abroad. Cheap imported textiles flooded Indian markets, undermining local industries and stabilitu
Effects of de industrilisation in India
De-industrialization caused widespread famines, increased taxes, and rising costs of essential goods like rice, worsening economic hardships and weakening India’s independence
What are the political explnations for India’s de industilisation
The decline of the Mughal Empire and the influence of European merchants led to political effects, allowing for exploitation of India’s resources by foreign powers like the British East India Company
Why did India suffer so many famines in the 19th century
India’s 19th century famines were worsened by British policies prioritizing cash crops over food cultivation, leading to shortages and hunger problems amidst environmental challenges like droughts
Proletariat
Wage workers who were engaged in production
Income = Labour power
Bourgeoise
Business owners who control the means of production in a capitalist society
Laissez Faire
Free economic system with minimal government interaction
Factory life - conditions of workers, women, and children in factories
characterized by long working hours, poor working conditions, and exploitation of the poor,
women and children were often subjected to low wages and hazardous environments during the early stages of industrialization.
Led to protests of workers’ rights (labour movement) and labour reforms
Luddites - a secret organisation who used to destroy machinery
Class conflict
emerged during the Industrial Revolution as the capitalist class (Bourgeoise) faced tensions with the working class (Proleteriats), leading to labour movements and the pursuit of workers’ rights
Spread of Industrialization
Britain tried to keep it secret but traders from different countries came to Britain, learned the techniques and then stole the machines and took them home
Water frame
Richard Arkwright 1769
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves in 1765
Power loom
Edward Cartwright 1785
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney 1793
Morse Code
Samuel Morse
Telegraph
Sir Francis Ronald
Cotton Mill
Richard Arkwright 1771
Steam engine
Initial design by Thomas Newcomen, later modified by James Watt in 1764
star trek line (which can be used in essay) on communism
The aquisition of wealth is no longer the driving force in our lives
