G7-3RD-02/20/2025 Flashcards
1
Q
- small, single-celled organisms found almost everywhere on Earth
- prokaryotic cells
- believed to be the earliest life forms that lived sometime 3.8B years ago
A
Bacteria
2
Q
Is the study of Bacteria
A
Bacteriology
3
Q
Are organisms that are too small to be seen to the naked eye
A
Microbes
- either pathogens or nonpathogens
- bacteria, virus, and fungi are some types of microorganisms
4
Q
Study of microorganisms through the use of microscopes
A
Microbiology
5
Q
The 3 shapes of Bacteria
A
- Cocci
— spherical, round or oval shape - Bacilli
— cylindrical or rod-like shape - Spirilla
— curved-shape bacteria
6
Q
Classification of Protists:
A
- Protozoans (animal-like)
- Algae (plant-like)
- Slime molds (fungus-like)
7
Q
Protists with animal-like characteristics are called..
A
Protozoans
- they resemble animals because they are heterotrophs and have the ability to move around
8
Q
Are protozoans that move by extending lobes of cytoplasm
A
Sarcodonians
They are a type of protozoan, not an entire classification of protists on their own
9
Q
Plant-like protists that perform photosynthesis are called..
A
Algae
10
Q
____ have two flagella
A
Dinoflagellates
11
Q
____ lack both cilia and flagella
A
Diatoms
12
Q
The body of a multicellular algae is called..
A
Thallus
13
Q
Algae with lifelike thalli is called..
A
Seaweeds
14
Q
The algae in plankton are called..
A
Phytoplankton
15
Q
Colors of algae:
A
- Red (Rhodophyta)
- Green (Chlorophyta)
- Brown (Phaeophyta)
16
Q
Protozoans that move by pseudopodia
Pesudopodia, otherwise known as pseudopods or “false feet”
A
Sarcodina
17
Q
Protozoans that move by cilia
A
Ciliophora
18
Q
Protozoans that move by flagella
A
Mastigophora
19
Q
Protozoans without any organ for movement
Instead, they act like parasites
A
Sporozoa
20
Q
Are important decomposers
A
Fungi
21
Q
The most well-known representation of Fungi
A
Mushrooms
22
Q
They obtain their nutrients by digesting and obtaining nutrients from dead organisms
Because of this, they are considered heterotrophs
A
Saprophytes
23
Q
A part of fungi that serves as a reproductive structure that produces spores
A
Fruiting body
24
Q
Light seed-like structures
A
Spores
25
Root-like structures of a fungus made up of hyphae
Mycelium
26
Filamentous cells that make up the roots of a fungus
Hyphae
27
Is the process of creating new organisms by combining sex cells from both male and female
Sexual Reproduction
28
The union of sperm and egg cell
Fertilization
29
The term for the reproductive cells
Gametes
30
The fertilized egg cell
## Footnote
*As a result from fertilization*
Zygote
31
The initial stage of development (of a zygote)
Embryo
32
Are the factor of heredity (in sexual reproduction)
Genes
33
A type of reproduction that does not require a mate
Asexual reproduction
34
Is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud
## Footnote
*Examples are hydra and some plants*
Budding
35
Bread molds, mosses, and ferns are produced by ____ (Asexual reproduction)
Spore formation
## Footnote
*Wala akong masingit na definition😆*
36
It is the division of parent individual into two daughter individuals
## Footnote
*The primary mode of reproduction in prokaryotic cells, e.g. bacteria*
Binary fission
37
In this mode of asexual reproduction, the parent body breaks up into several pieces which develop into new organisms
## Footnote
*An example is flatworms*
Fragmentation
38
The growth (regeneration) of lost body parts of an animal is called..
Regeneration
## Footnote
*Is not a type of asexual reproduction since no new organisms are made*
39
Propagating plants from leaves, stems and roots is known as..
Vegetative reproduction
40
Part of the stem is cut and the cut end grows into a new plant when placed in moist soil
Stem cutting
41
The bark of a matured plant is removed and wrapped with soil, coconut husk, or plastic.
Marcotting
42
Joins two or more plants together so they grow as one
Grafting
43
Two-part question:
1. The cut piece in grafting
2. Plant where the cut piece is attached
1. Scion
2. Stock
44
Long branch of the plant is bent (away from the parent), touching the soil.
Layering
45
Differences between Sexual and Asexual reproduction
Sexual Reproduction:
1. Involves sexes
2. Most plants and animals; some fungi and protists
3. Meiosis
4. Offspring is made from gametes; unidentical to the parent cell
5. Genetic variation in the offspring
6. Requires both sexes
Asexual reproduction:
1. Without sex
2. Unicellular organisms and many plants
3. Mitosis
4. Organisms make copies of themselves; they are the clones.
5. No variation in the offspring
6. No mate needed
46
This farm tool is used for **chopping** down tree trunks, branches, and large roots
Axe
47
This farm tool is used for **slashing** shrubs, weeding....
**Cutlass** (or machete)
48
This farm tool is used for digging and **uprooting small stumps**
(Digging) **mattock**
49
This farm tool **can also** be used for **digging holes**
Crowbar
50
This farm tool is used for **cutting** wood
Hand saw
51
This farm tool is used for.... and **turning soil over**
(Large) **Garden fork** (or spading fork)
52
This farm tool is used for.... and **moving bulk materials**
Shovel
53
This farm tool is similar in structure to a shovel
Spade
54
This farm tool is used to **move small amounts of soil**
Hoe
55
This farm tool is used to **break up hard soil** surfaces.
Pick-axe
56
This farm tool is used to **collect leaves, hay, grass, etc.**
Rake
57
This farm tool is used for **taking detailed measurements** on the plot
Measuring tape
58
This farm tool is a **wooden stick** usually about 45cm long.
Pegs
59
* This farm tool is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel
* Used to **transport materials** from one point to another on the plot
Wheelbarrow
60
* This farm tool is s a portable container usually with a handle and a spout
* Used to water plants by hand
**Watering can** (or watering pot)
61
This farm tool is used for breaking soil, digging small holes, planting and weeding, mixing in fertilizer or other additives, and transferring plants to pots
## Footnote
*Wala akong masingit na keyword😆*
Trowel
62
This farm tool is used to **crush soil clods**
Hand fork
63
* This farm tool is a **"shallow metal pan"**
* This farm tool allows soil particles of a particular diameter to pass through
Soil sieves
64
* This farm tool consists of small, shallow, wooden boxes
* Usually filled with potting soil that tiny seeds need for proper germination
Seed boxes
65
This farm tool is a pointed wooden stick for making holes in the ground
**Dibber** (or **dibble** or **dibbler**)
66
This farm tool is **used for seed beds**; they help to make drills with the *same depth and even space*
Row-marker
67
* This farm tools consists of a folding blade and a handle
* Used for **cutting off scion stick** or defoliation of leaves and slashing of bud
Budding knife
68
This farm tool is used to **apply small droplets** of liquid pesticide onto the leaf surfaces of plants
Hand sprayer
69
* This farm tool has a **Has a larger tank**
* Similar to a hand sprayer but are **used on larger plots** with numerous plants.
Knapsack sprayer
70
This farm tool is used to apply pesticides in **dust or powder form**
## Footnote
For this reason, a respirator must be worn by the farmer / worker when using this equipment
Hand duster
71
Is a light plastic covering that is worn over the nostrils and the mouth (farm tools)
## Footnote
*traps foreign matter when air is breathed into the body*
Respirator
72
This farm tool is used to apply pesticides to the soil before planting
Soil injector
73
This farm tool resembles a pair of **large scissors**
Garden shears
74
This farm tool looks like shears, but the blades are curved
Secateurs
75
* This farm tool has a **long, narrow metal blade** about 1-1.5m long.
* Used to remove wood branches from orchard crops
Frame saw
76
* This farm tool is small with a sharp blade and a comfortable handle
* Is the **right tool** for **thinning delicate branches**, removing suckers. and shaping bushes
Pruning knife
77
This farm tool is typically used for harvesting and **reaping grain crops**
**Sickle** (or bagging hook or reaping-hook)
78
This farm tool is useful in **harvesting vegetable crops**
Knife
79
This farm tool can be used to **harvest fodder grasses**
Scythe
80
This farm tool is also very useful tools for harvesting root crops
Garden fork (and cutlasses)
## Footnote
*Differs from aforementioned garden fork and cutlasses; view said tools' definitions and its similar names*
81
An *equipment* **commonly used for land clearing**; used for **moving large amounts of earth and soil**
Bulldozer
81
An equipment (or machinery?) used for plowing fields; **it has a plough drawn behind it** containing metal blades that can slice the soil and turn it over
Tractor with a plow
82
This farm equipment has **strong circular blades** made to work on heavy clayey soils and rough stony soils
Disc plows
83
This farm equipment is used for **breaking up large soil clods** into smaller ones; also carried behind tractors
Harrows
84
This farm equipment is used to prepare the harrowed field into **ridges** and furrows
Ridgers
85
This farm equipment can be used to make **drains** of different sizes
Drain digger
86
Is a mechanical equipment used for making seed beds in large crop farms
Rotovator
87
This farm equipment is a lot like lawn sprinkler
Overhead irrigation system
88
This farm equipment is needed to **remove large quantities of excess soil water** from the soil surface
Drainage pumps
89
This farm equipment is used to **apply chemical substances** in liquid form to the field. (By spraying)
Crop sprayers
90
Career opportunities of Agriculture:
1. Growing Crops
2. Raising Animals
3. Selling Farm Supplies
4. Making Food
5. Farm Visits (Agri-tourism)
6. Offering Services
7. Organic Farming
8. Making Special Products
9. Using technology
10. Selling to Other Countries
## Footnote
You may give the definition of the following or simply memorize them; for this part, it is easier to view it directly on the book
...
91
Sample careers in Agriculture
## Footnote
Answer will show easy ones to remember
**1. Buyer**
**2. Journalist**
**3. Welder**
**4. Biochemist**
**5. Aquaculturist**
6. Farm Appraiser
7. Farm Manager
8. Crop Producer
9. Food Scientist
10. Flavor Chemist
## Footnote
The test will include enumeration of sample careers and may include only up to 5. 6-10 is for failsafe
92
Farms can be affected by droughts, floods, storms, and extreme temperatures
Weather-related Risks
93
Farms are at risk of **pests and diseases** that can harm plants, animals, and agricultural products
Pests and Diseases
94
Farmers face risks related to **changing prices**, demand, and trade policies
Market RIsks
95
* Running a farm requires money for investments, expenses, and unexpected situations
* May come from higher costs, debts, difficulty getting loans, and unstable income.
Financial Risks
96
Farm work involves physical labor and exposure to dangers such as accidents
Occupational Hazards
97
Farming practices can affect the environment, causing risks like soil erosion and more
Environmental Risks
98
Using new farm technologies can introduce risks
Technological Risks
99
Changes in government **policies**, rules, or trade agreements can create uncertainties and risks for farmers
Policy and Regulatory Risks
100
Farm work can be risky for the **health and safety** of farmers, workers, and communities
Health and Safety Risks
101
**Climate change** brings risks like changes in rainfall patterns, more extreme weather events, and shifts in pests and diseases
Climate Change Risks
102
**Physical accidents** that may arise from farm work such as falling from a ladder
## Footnote
*Self-made defintion not specifically stated in the book*
Physical Hazards
103
Due to their exposure to various substances, gardeners are at risks for several upper and lower respiratory infections
Respiratory Hazards
104
Musculoskeletal problems
Muscular Stress
## Footnote
*May appear in the exam: Typically caused by awkward lifting (heavy lifitng)*
105
**Hazardous chemicals** are substances that are unsafe for use at workplaces.
## Footnote
They are caustic, flammable, combustible, explosive, or have other harmful consequences.
Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods
106
Workers who are **always out in the sun** run the danger of developing heating exhaustion and exposure to UV rays from the sun.
Working in Hot Conditions
107
Working with agricultural **machinery** can pose risks of accidents
Machinery Accidents
108
Farmers use chemicals to protect their plants. But, if they are not used safely, they can harm your body if you breathe or touch them
Chemical Exposure
109
Working with animals, especially large livestock, can be dangerous
Livestock Handling
110
Exposure to animal waste, bacteria, viruses, or fungal spores can result in diseases, especially in livestock farming
Biological Hazards
