G5- Multifactoral disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 types of genetic disease.

A
  • chromosomal
  • single gene
  • multifactorial
  • somatic mutation
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2
Q

Discuss heritability studies.

A

Features: more common in relatives

Not explainable by simple mendelian segregation

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3
Q

How is heritability assessed?

A

monozygotic/dyzygotic twins

parent/offspring correlation coefficients , correlation coefficients within sibling pairs

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4
Q

what is multifactorial inheritance?

A
  • Continuous e.g. Height
  • Features: normal distribution in the population
  • Explainable by interaction of many genes
  • Examples: stature, intelligence, cholosterol
  • Discontinuous e.g. Orofacial clefting
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5
Q

what causes multifactorial disorders?

A
  • interactions of variations in multiple genes and environmental factors
  • The genes involved may make a person susceptible to the disorder, and the environmental factors may trigger the occurrence
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6
Q

which individuals will exhibit the phenotype?

A

Only individuals with enough genetic liability (multiple genes) who are in the presence of certain environmental factors

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7
Q

what do multifactorial disorders include?

A

heart disease, diabetes, asthma, and many birth defects, such as cleft lip +/- cleft palate

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8
Q

Describe the determination of recurrence risk.

A
  1. Usually derived directly from studies of affected families
  2. Risk in close relatives usually less than those observed with single gene disorders
  3. Risk sharply lower for second degree relatives
  4. Greater risk with greater number of family members affected
  5. Risk increases with severity
  6. Gender effect in disorders with gender bias
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9
Q

In the MFT model, what effect does the 3rd degree relatives have?

A

has barely any effect

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10
Q

Is there any effect on cleft lip from socio-economic status?

A

There is an association between increased deprivation and cleft lip

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11
Q

what environmental factors increased CL/P?

A
  • Smoking
  • Nutrition
  • Teratogens (e.g. phenytoin)
  • Geography
  • Social class
  • Alcohol
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12
Q

what does smoking amount women increase risk of CLP by?

A

30%

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13
Q

what role does folic acid have?

A

has an essential role in cell replication, it might be expected that insufficiency during early embryonic development could contribute to the aetiology of certain birth defects, including orofacial clefts

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14
Q

what is complexity in determination of environmental factors due to?

A
  1. Confounding evidence in the literature
  2. Maternal memory recall bias
  3. Threshold effects rather than presence/absence
  4. Relative effect of illness or disease/medication
  5. Differences in maternal metabolism
  6. Gene/environment interaction
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15
Q

what is gene/environment interaction?

A

‘A different effect of an environmental exposure on disease risk in persons with different genotypes’

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16
Q

what is epigenetics?

A
  • Changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence (environment)
  • Non-genetic factors cause the organism’s genes to behave (or “express themselves”) differently
17
Q

what is an example of epigenetic?

A

cellular differentiation

18
Q

Discuss dietary supplementation.

A
  • Total population intervention with specific nutrients

- Targeted intervention preceded by screening

19
Q

what is the translation to public health?

A
  • Genetic counselling -> risk assessment

- Primary prevention -> to reduce occurrence and recurrence

20
Q

what are the genetics of common dental disorders?

A
  1. Specifically genetic
  2. Genetic predisposition
  3. Tangible environmental influence
  4. Environment determines prevalence and severity
  5. Specifically environmental
21
Q

Name an example of specifically genetic (1).

A

ectodermal dysplasia

22
Q

Name an example of genetic predisposition (2).

A

cleft lip and palate

23
Q

Name an example of evironment has an influence only in certain genotypes (3).

A

periodontal disease :
-Predisposition to periodontitis determined by smoking, bacterial deposits and host genetic factors
- Periodontal disease may
persist or progress even in the absence of environmental risk factors (good oral health)

24
Q

Name an example of environment determines prevalence/severity (4)

A

long face “syndrome”

25
Q

Name an example of environment only (5).