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A2 Physics > G484 - Circular Motion and Oscillations > Flashcards

G484 - Circular Motion and Oscillations Flashcards

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1
Q

Degrees to Radians

A

x (2π/360)

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2
Q

Radians to Degrees

A

x(360/2π)

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3
Q

State, in terms of force, the conditions necessary for an object to move in a circular path at constant speed

A

Resultant (centripetal force)

Perpendicular to the direction of motion

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4
Q

Centripetal Acceleration

A

Directed towards the centre of the circle
Direction of motion is always changing so velocity is always changing even if speed remains constant
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity

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5
Q

Describe how a mass creates a gravitational field in the space around it

A

All objects with mass have a gravitational field
The field spreads out into the space around the object in all directions
As a result any other object with mass that is in the field will experience a force of attraction

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6
Q

Gravitational Field Strength

A

Force per unit mass
Close to the earth’s surface, gravitational field strength is approximately equal to the acceleration of free fall
g = -GM/r²

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7
Q

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

A

The force between two point masses is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

F = - GMm/r²

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8
Q

Properties of Gravitational Fields

A

Unlimited range
Always attractive
Effect all objects with mass
Becomes zero at centre of mass of a sphere as the mass surrounding that point is exerting a force in every direction so the resultant is 0

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9
Q

Period

of an object describing a circle

A

Time taken for the object to complete one circular path

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10
Q

Kepler’s Third Law

A

T² ∝ r³

T² = (4π²/GM)r³

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11
Q

Derive T² = (4π²/GM)r³ from first principles

A

v² = GM/r , v = 2πr/T

(2πr/T)² = GM/r
4π²r²/T² = GM/r
4π²r³ = GMT²
T² = (4π²/GM)r³
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12
Q

Geostationary Orbit

A

24 hour time period
Equatorial orbit - orbits over the equator
Orbits in the same direction as the earth’s rotation
Satellite appears to remain stationary in the sky above a particular point

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13
Q

Radian

A

The angle subtended by an arc of the circumference equal to the radius

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14
Q

Displacement

A

Distance form the equilibrium position

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15
Q

Amplitude

A

Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position

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16
Q

Period

A

Time taken for one complete oscillation

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17
Q

Frequency

A

Number of oscillations completed in one second

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18
Q

Angular Frequency

A

2π x frequency
OR
2π / period

19
Q

Phase Difference

A

The difference between the pattern of vibration of two points/two waves where one leads or lags begins the other

20
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion

A

Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement but in the opposite direction i.e. towards the equilibrium position
An object is in S.H.M. if a = -(2πf)² x

21
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion Velocity Equation

A

v = 2πf √(A²-x²)

22
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion - Period and Amplitude

A

The period of an object with simple harmonic motion is independent of its amplitude

23
Q

S.H.M. Displacement Graph

A

Sine curve

24
Q

S.H.M. Velocity Graph

A

Cosine graph

25
Q

S.H.M. Acceleration Graph

A

Negative Sine Curve

26
Q

Time Period - Pendulum Equation

A

T = 2π√(l/g)

27
Q

Time Period - Spring Equation

A

T = 2π √(m/k)

k = spring constant

28
Q

In Phase

A

Oscillations with the same frequency that reach amplitude at the same time

29
Q

Out of Phase

A

Oscillations with the same frequency that reach amplitude at different times

30
Q

Damping

A

Decrease in amplitude of oscillations over time as a result of a resistive force

31
Q

Light Damping

A

Gradual decrease in amplitude and increase in time period

32
Q

Heavy Damping

A

Amplitude of oscillation decreases to 0 rapidly and overshoots the equilibrium position before coming to rest

33
Q

Critical Damping

A

Amplitude decreases to 0 in the shortest possible time

34
Q

Over damping

A

A very slow return to the equilibrium position

35
Q

Light Damping Example

A

Sound level meters

Show rapid fluctuations in sound intensity

36
Q

Heavy Damping Example

A

Car Fuel Gauges
So that the pointer does not oscillate
Ignores small transient changes in the fuel level in the tank

37
Q

Critical Damping Example

A

-Pointer instruments e.g. voltmeter, ammeter
Pointer reaches correct position after a single oscillation
Prevents oscillation around the actual value

-car suspension system
Passengers don’t bounce up and down when the car passes over bumps

38
Q

Natural Frequency

A

The frequency that an object will vibrate at freely after an initial disturbance

39
Q

Forced Oscillations

A

When a periodic force is applied to an oscillating object, the object is forced to oscillate at the same frequency as the driver of the periodic force

40
Q

Resonance

A

Occurs when as oscillating system is forced to vibrate at a frequency close to its natural frequency
Amplitude of vibration increases rapidly and becomes maximum when the frequency of the force us equal to the natural frequency

41
Q

Useful Applications of Resonance

A 
Driver -> Resonator
Cooking - microwaves -> water molecules
MRI - radio waves -> nuclei/protons
Woodwind Instruments - reed -> air column
Brass Instruments - lips -> air column
42
Q

Problems Due to Resonance

A

Driver -> Resonator
Engine Vibrations -> Car Windows
Wind -> Bridges
Earthquake - Ground Vibrating -> Buildings

43
Q

Resonance Without Damping

A
  • amplitude and energy of a resonating system would increase continually
  • in practise this can never happen as there is always some degree of damping
44
Q

Resonance With Damping

A

-the amplitude and energy would increase until energy was being dissipated at the same rate as it was being supplied

A2 Physics (8 decks)

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