g2e3 Flashcards
1
Q
a vertical plane that starts at the midpoint of the clavicle and goes down to the midpoint of ASIS to pubic symphysis?
A
midclavicular plane
2
Q
Horizontal plane that starts at the inferior margin of rib 10?
A
subcostal plane
3
Q
plane that joins tubercles of the iliac crest
A
transtubercle plane
4
Q
which region(s) do you find the liver?
A
R. hypochondrium, epigastric, left hypocondrium
5
Q
which quadrant(s) do you find the gallbladder?
A
R. upper
6
Q
where would you feel pain from your appendix?
A
R lower quadrant
7
Q
landmark for umbilicus?
A
L2-L5
8
Q
the camper’s layer of fascia is continuous with?
A
superficial fascia of perineum and thigh
9
Q
a membranous layer of fascia BELOW the inguinal lig?
A
deep/scarpa’s fascia
10
Q
what covers each anterior abdominal wall muscle on the anterior and posterior surfaces?
A
Deep (investing) layer of fascia
11
Q
this condition occurs btw the scarpa’s fasica and deep fascia where a potential space can be filled with fluid and is exclusively in males
A
Extravasation of urine
12
Q
T/F infection cannot spread inferiorly due to the attachment of fascia lata in extravasation of urine?
A
T
13
Q
extends from xiphoid process to pubic symphsis?
A
linea alba
14
Q
which is does NOT form the rectus sheath? A. transverse abdominis B. external oblique C. rectus abdominis D. internal oblique?
A
C.
15
Q
what does the rectus sheath enclose?
A
rectus abdominis, pyramidalis, sup and inf epigastric art and vein, ant primary rami of lower 6 T nerves
16
Q
T/F the arcuate line is a cresent shaped line in the p osterior later of the rectus sheath, midway btw umbilicus and pubic symphysis
A
F pubic crest
17
Q
what is the anterior layer of the rectus sheath composed of ABOVE the arcuate line?
A
aponeurosis of external and internal oblique
18
Q
what layer of the rectus sheath is composed of internal oblique and transversus abdominis, is it above or below arcuate line?
A
posterior layer, above
19
Q
what do you call the embryonic bladder?
A
urachus
20
Q
the anterior layer of the rectus sheath, below the arcuate line, is composed of?
A
external oblique, internal oblique, transverus abdominus
21
Q
T/F the posterior layer of the rectus sheath, below the arcuate line is composed of internal oblique and transversus abdominus
A
F only transversalis fascia
22
Q
this fold contains urachus and extends from the apex of the bladder to umbilicus?
A
mediAN umbilical fold
23
Q
where does the Medial umbilical fold extend from and what does it contain?
A
extends from side of bladder to umbilicus, contains obliterated umbilical artery
24
Q
this fold contains inferior epigastric veins and arteries and extends from the deep umbilical ring to the arcuate line?
A
lateral umbilical fold
25
which fold(s) is paired with the supravesical fossa?
median and medial folds
26
which fossa(s) are paired with medial and lateral folds?
medial inguinal fossa
27
the lateral inguinal fossa is paired with?
lateral fold
28
what lies above the umbilicus and contains the obliterated umbilical vein?
Ligamentum Teres
29
what is the free edge of the falciform ligament?
ligamentum Teres
30
falciform ligament attached to?
liver
31
what is the innervation of the Anterior abdominal wall?
lower 6 T nerves
32
what do the lower 6 T nerves run btw?
internal oblique and transverse abdominus
33
what is formed by the thickening of the lower edge of the external oblique aponeurosis?
inguinal ligament
34
the inguinal ligament extends from?
ASIS to pubic tubercle
35
what are the most medial fibers of the inguinal ligament and insert into the superior pubic ramis?
Lacunar ligament
36
T/F the pectineal ligament is the lateral extension of the inguinal ligament that runs along the pectineal line?
F. lateral extension of Lacunar ligament
37
T/F the inguinal canal begins at the superficial inguinal ring?
F. ends at superficial inguinal ring, BEGINS at deep inguinal ring
38
what does the inguinal canal transmit? male,female,both?
male-spermatic cord female-round ligament of uterus both- ilioinguinal nerve
39
what is formed by the fusion of internal oblique and transverse abdominus aponeurosis?
conjoint tendon (inguinal Falx)
40
what inserts into the pubic crest and pectin pubis deep to inguinal ligament?
conjoint tendon
41
what is the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
external oblique
42
what is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
conjoint tendon and transverse fascia
43
what forms the roof of the inguinal canal?
arching fibers of the internal oblique and transverse abdominus
44
what forms the floor of the inguinal canal?
inguinal and lacunar ligaments
45
a triangular opening in the external oblique aponuerosis that lies immediately lateral to the pubic tubercle
superficial inguinal ring
46
what inserts into the pubic tubercle and some fibers reflex to superior pubic ramus as the lacunar ligament?
lateral crus
47
where does the medial crus insert?
pubic crest
48
what strengthens the apex of the superficial inguinal ring?
intercrural fibers
49
without these a hernia would happen from fibers splitting
intercrural fibers
50
an opening within the transversalis fascia, above inguinal ligament, and lateral to inferior epigastric artery and vein?
Deep inguinal ring
51
what are the boundaries of the inguinal triangle?
medially-lateral edge of rectus abdominus
laterally- inferior epigastric
inferiorly- inguinal ligament
52
indirect hernia passes through which structures?
deep inguinal ring, inguinal canal, superficial inguinal ring before descending to scrotum or labia majora (in order)
53
what is the embryological outpouching of the peritoneum, which forms the inguinal canal and tunica vaginalis of scrotum?
processus vaginalis
54
T/F rectus abdominus plays a major role in prevention of hernias?
F lies medial
55
this hernia occurs inferior to the inguinal ligament and is more common in women?
femoral hernia
56
you are at risk for this hernia if you have an incomplete closure of anterior abdominal wall after closure of umbilicus at birth?
umbilical hernia
57
what begins at the deep inguinal ring and ends at the testis
spermatic cord
58
what is the outter most fascia of the spermatic cord that is derived from the external oblique aponeurosis?
external spermatic fasica
59
cremaster muscles are derived from?
internal oblique
60
what is the middle layer of fascia of the spermatic cord?
cremasteric fascia
61
what is the function of cremaster muscles?
temp regulations and retracts testes
62
what nerve innervates the cremaster muscles?
genital branch of genitofemoral nerve L1/L2
63
what does a subluxation of L1/L2 cause?
male infertility
64
what is the innermost fascia derived from transversalis fascia?
internal spermatic fascia
65
muscular duct that transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct?
ductus deferens
66
what is a branch of the abdominal aorta involved with the spermatic cord?
testicular artery
67
an extensive network of veins which make up the bulk of spermatic cord?
pampiniform plexus
68
where do the network of veins that make up the pampiniform plexus join to form the testicular vein?
deep inguinal ring
69
define varicocele?
varicose veins in pampiniform plexus
70
where does the left testicular vein drain to ?
left renal vein
71
where does the right testicular vein drain to?
inferior vena cava
72
what is a branch of the superior vesical artery?
artery to the ductus deferens
73
what is the cremasteric artery a branch of?
inferior epigastric artery
74
what nerve runs through the inguinal canal and superficial ring?
ilioinguinal nerve
75
T/F the ilioinguinal nerve accompanies the spermatic cord and is a part of it?
F is not a part of spermatic cord
76
what are the two branches of ilioinguinal nerve?
femoral nerve and anterior scrotal or labial nerves
77
what muscle attached to scrotum and and functions to regulate temp?
dartos muscle
78
where does the parietal layer of tunica vaginalis?
lies internally to the internal spermatic fascia
79
what layer of the the tunica vaginalis is connected to testes and epididymis?
visceral layer (deep)
80
what is the accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis?
hydrocele
81
what is the fibrous outer covering of the testes that is deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis?
tunica albuginea
82
T/F the mediastinum testes is a fibrous compartment in the posterior part of testes?
T
83
what unite to form the straight tubules?
seminiferous tubules
84
what is the functional, sperm producing portion of the testes?
seminiferous tubules
85
where do the straight tubules empty?
rete testis
86
T/F Afferent ductules connect rete testis to head of epididymis?
F efferent ductules
87
where is sperm stored until maturity?
epididymis
88
T/F the head of the epididymis is connected to the inferior surface of testes by efferent ductules?
F. superior surface
89
where does the tail of the epididymis end?
in the ductus deferens
90
which part of the epididymis runs along the posterior surface of the testes?
body of epidiymus
91
where does the lymph from the scrotum drain?
superficial inguinal nodes
92
ligament that is present in fetus that pulls testes down through the inguinal canal to the scrotum during decent is called?
gubernaculum testes ligament
93
in females the round ligaments are remnants of what?
gubernaculum testes
94
T/F in males the peritoneal cavity is completely enclosed?
T
95
2 ways to get an infection of peritoneal cavity?
1. immuno compromise- HIV drugs 2. unsanitary birth conditions
96
which is not a function of peritoneum> A. minimize friction btw organs, B. resist infection C. fat storage D. keep organs in position
D
97
2 examples of retroperitoneal organs?
kidney. duodenum, pancreas, inf vena cava, aorta
98
what is an accumulation of fluid within peritoneal cavity caused by malnutrition, congestive heart failure, kidney failure or peritonitis?
ascites
99
what is the peritoneal cavity used for?
rabies vaccine, kidney dialysis
100
what nerve that innervates the peritoneum exhibits refered pain to the shoulder and may also cause hiccups in peritonitis?
phrenic nerve
101
which is not a nerve that innervates the peritoneum? A. intercostal N. B. Subcostal nerve C. iliohyergastric N. D. ilioinguinal n.
C. ilioHYPOgastric
102
T/F the parietal peritoneum is very sensitive to pain?
t
103
T/F visceral peritoneum is supplied by ANS and is very sensitive to pain?
F
104
which ligament is btw the greater curvature of the stomach and diaphragm?
Gastrophrenic lig
105
which ligament is btw the greater curvature of stomach and spleen
gastrosplenic lig
106
which ligament is btw greater curvature of the stomach and transverse colon?
gastrocolic lig
107
double layer of peritoneum that extends from porta hepatis of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and beginning of the duodenum?
lesser omentum
108
what connect the live to the lesser curvature of the stomach?
heptogastric ligament
109
T/F the hepatoduodenal ligament attached the liver to the duodenum
T
110
what is a double layer of peritoneum that connects a portion of the intestine to the body wall
mesentery (general)
111
T/F the mesentery proper connect the jejunum and ileum to body wall?
T
112
the transverse mesocolon connects what to the posterior body wall?
transverse colon
113
T/F the sigmoid mesocolon connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior body wall?
F. connects the sigmoid colon to pelvic wall
114
what connects the appendix to the mesentery of the ileum?
mesoappendix
115
where does the phrenicocolic ligament attach the left colic flexure to the diaphragm?
below the spleen
116
what lies posterior to the liver, lesser omentum, and stomach?
omental bursa/ lesser sac
117
in the lesser sac what is the only opening into the greater sac?
epiploic foramen/ omental foramen
118
what extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor and across the entire abdominal cavity?
greater sac
119
name subdivions of greater sac (6)
right subphrenic, left subphrenic, subhepatic space, heptorenal recess, right paracolic gutter, left paracolic gutter
120
name the space btw liver and transverse colon
subhepatic space
121
what subdivision of the Greater sac (GS) is below the diaphragm, above liver and to the right of the falciform ligament?
right subphrenic space
122
what subdivision of the Greater sac (GS) is a posterosuperior extension of the subhepatic space btw the liver and right kidney?
hepatoranal recess/ morison's pouch
123
what subdivision of the Greater sac (GS) is a longitudinal depression lateral to the ascending colon?
right paracolic gutter
124
what subdivision of the Greater sac (GS) is a longitudinal depression lateral to the descending colon?
Left paracolic gutter
125
what is an opening btw the omental bursa and greater sac?
omental foramen
126
name the boundaries of the omental foramen?
sup-liver. inf-1st part of duodenum, ant-free edge of lesser omentum, post-peritoneum covering of inf vena cava
127
what structures pass through the porta hepatis?
right- bile duct, left- hepatic artery proper, behind- pertal vein
128
the foregut form what?
distal esophagus, stomach and part of duodenum
129
where does the foregut end?
2nd part of duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct
130
what part of the embryological GI tract begins at the entrance of the bile duct and ends at the right 2/3rds of the transverse colon?
midgut
131
where does the hindgut being and end?
begins: left 1/3 of transverse colon. ends: upper part of anal canal
132
where do the liver and pancreas develop?
junction of foregut and midgut
133
T/F the blood supply for the midgut is from branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
F. the superior mesenteric artery
134
which pairing is INCORRECT? A. foregut & branches of celiac trunk B. Hindgut & superior mesenteric artery C. Midgut superior mesenteric artery D. hindgut inferior mesenteric artery
B
135
what do the greater splanchnic n t5-t9 and lesser splanchnic nerve t10-t11 innervate sympathetically?
forgut and midgut
136
what innervates the hindgut sympathetically?
lumbar splanchnic nerve L1-L2
137
what are the parasympathetic innervations for the guts?
forgut and midgut- vagus nerve, hindgut- pelvic splanchnic nerve s2-s4
138
ANS effects on GI tract?
para- increase motility and dilates sphincters
| symp- decrease motility and constricts sphincters
139
what are the 4 layers of the Gut wall?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventita
140
what do the fibers of the submucosal plexus supply?
postganglionic fibers supply muscularis mucosae
141
what does the submucosal plexus control?
gland function and muscularis mucosae
142
what enteric plexus is located btw circular and longitudinal muscles of muscularis externa?
myenteric plexus
143
what does the myenteric plexus control?
peristalsis
144
T/F the stomach has 7-8L of capacity?
F. 2-3L
145
what part of the stomach absorbs some alcohol and drugs and surrounds the cardial orifice?
cardia
146
which part of the stomach would you find btw the fundus and pyloric part?
body
147
what is the most distal part of the stomach and adjacent to the duodenum?
pyloric part
148
where in the stomach would you find the cardial notch?
btw esophagus and fundus
149
where in the stomach would you find the angular notch?
btw the body and pyloric part
150
T/F the cardial orifice is btw the esophagus and duodenum?
F. btw esophagus and stomach
151
what would you find btw the stomach and duodenum?
pyloric orifice
152
what is the narrow distal part of the pyloric part of the stomach?
pyloric canal
153
what is the distal termination of the pyloric part of the stomach?
pylorus
154
T/F the pyloric antrum is the wide proximal part of the pyloric part of the stomach?
T
155
what does the pylorus consist of?
pyloric orifice and pyloric sphincter
156
where does the pyloric orifice go into?
duodenum
157
what circular muscle layer surrounds the pyloric orifice?
pyloric sphincter
158
what is the pylorus externall marked by?
pyloric constrictor
159
what folds of the mucous membrane located within the cavity of the stomach increase surface area?
Gastric folds (rugae)
160
what does the stomach lay anterior to?
lesser sac and pancreas
161
what does the stomach lay posterior to?
diaphragm, left lobe of liver. ant abdominal wall
162
where does the stomach receive its blood supply from?
branches of celiac trunk
163
what is the sympathetic innervation of the stomach?
greater planchnic nerve T5-T9 (celiac plexus)
164
what is the parasympathetic innervation of the stomach?
vagus nerve (celiac plexus)
165
what is the first unpaired branch from the abdominal aorta, that arises BELOW the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?
celiac trunk
166
which branch of the celiac trunk is the smallest and runs alone the lesser curve within the lesser omentum?
Left gastric artery
167
what does the Left gastric artery anastomose with?
right gastric artery
168
which branch of the celiac trunk runs posterior to the stomach along the superior bourder of the pancreas to terminate in the spleen?
splenic artery
169
what branch of the splenic artery goes to the fundus of the stomach?
short gastric artery
170
what branch of the splenic artery runs to the right along the greater curve within the greater omentum?
Left gastro-omental artery (gastroepiploic)
171
which branch of the celiac trunk runs along the superior bourder of the pancreas and gives off the gastroduodenal artery before becoming the hepatic artery proper?
common hepatic artery
172
which branch of the common hepatic artery descends behind the 1st part of the dupdenum and gives off 3 other branches?
gastroduodenal artery
173
T/F the right gastro-omental artery runs left along the greater curvature of the stomach within the greater omentum
T
174
what does the right gastro- omental artery anastomose with?
left gastro- omental artery
175
what does the superior pancreaticduodenal artery pass btw?
duodenum and head of pancreas
176
what do you find btw the pyloric orifice and ileocecal junction?
Small intestine
177
what are the 3 parts of the SI?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
178
what surrounds the head of the pancreas and is the shortest widest part of the SI>
duodenum
179
what are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
superior 1st part, descending 2nd part, inferior of horizontal 3rd part, ascending 4th part
180
what is the beginning of the superior part of the duodenum?
duodenal cap
181
which part of the duodenum contains the junction of the foregut and midgut, and wehre the bile duct and pancreatic duct empty
descending 2nd part
182
which part of the duodenum is the longest, runs left and anterior to the inferior vena cava, aorta and vertebral column?
inferior or horizontal 3rd part
183
which part of the duodenum ascends to the left of the aorta and terminates at the duodenaljejunal flexure?
ascending 4th part
184
is the duodenum retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
retro except the cap
185
T/F the superior mesenteric artery and vein pass posteriorly to the horizontal 3rd parts of the duodenum?
F. pass anteriorly
186
what is the innervation of the duodenum?
autonomic from celiac and superior mesenteric plexus
187
what makes up the distal 3/5ths of the small intestine?
ileum
188
what part of the small intestine begins at the duodenojejunal flexure and makes up 2/5ths of the small intestine?
jejunum
189
T/F the ileum occupies the right lower quadrant
T
190
where does the ileum join the cecum?
ileocecal junction
191
T/F the jejunum absorbs fat soluble vitiamins, B12, and bile salts?
F. ileum
192
what is the jejunum most responsible for?
nutrient uptake in the GI tract
193
what are straight terminal branches of the arteries that travel through the mesentery to supply the SI?
vasa recta
194
what slows the passage of chyme in SI?
plicae circulares
195
an aggregation of lymphoid tissue found within the walls of the small intestine, act as immune defense?
peyer's patch
196
what supplies the blood supply to the jejunum and ileum?
jejunal and ileal branches of superior mesenteric artery
197
what is the innervation of jejunum and ileum?
autonomic from superior mesenteric plexus
198
what is about 1.5 meters and extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus?
Large intestine
199
what is the function of the large intestine?
convert liquid contents from ileum into semisolid feces by absorbing water. also involves in synthesis of some vitamins Vitamin k-blood clotting
200
what part of the LI is considered a "blind pouch" and found below the ileocecal junction and lies within the right iliac fossa?
cecum
201
T/F ileal folds are 2 flaps that surround the ileal orifice and fuse medially to form the frenula?
F fuse laterally
202
what is the function of the ileal folds?
prevents backflow of feces into the ileum of SI
203
what is a narrow muscular tube containing lymphoid tissue that is at posteromedial aspect of the cecum?
appendix
204
what attached the appendix to the mesentery of the ileum?
mesoappendix
205
where does the appendix lumen open?
into the cecum via an orifice locatred below the ileal orifice
206
what are the most common postitons of the appendix?
1st-retrocecal
| 2nd- pelvic
207
what are the 4 parts of the colon?
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
208
what parts of the colon are retroperitoneal?
ascending and descending colon
209
what parts of the colon are intraperitoneal?
transverse colon and sigmoid colon
210
what part of the colon is from the ileocecal junction and to the right of the colic flexure?
ascending colon
211
what part of the colon foes from the right colic flexure to left colic flexure?
transverse colon
212
what part of the colon goes from the left colic flexure to the pelvic brim?
descending colon
213
what part of the colon fors from the pelvic brim to the from of the sacrum?
sigmoid colon
214
what longitudinal band of muscle seem most prominently in the cecum and ascending colon, and meet at the base of the appendix
taeniae coli
215
succulations or outpouching of the colon?
haustra of colon
216
T/F omental appendices are large masses of fat which are covered with visceral peritoneum and extend from colon
F small masses of fat
217
what artery arises from the abdominal aorta below the celiac trunk and its branches supply the intestine from the 2nd part of the duodenum to the right 2/3rds of the transverse colon?
superior mesenteric artery
218
what branch of the superior mesenteric artery suppies the pancreas and distal part of duodenum?
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
219
what branch of the superior mesenteric artery has 12-15 branches that anastomose within the mesentery to form a series of arcades that supply the jejunum and ileum?
jejunal and ileal arteries
220
what branch of the superior mesenteric artery descends to the iliocecal junction and supplies the ascending colon, cecum and appendix?
ileocolic artery
221
what branch of the superior mesenteric artery supplies the ascending colon?
right colic artery
222
what branch of the superior mesenteric artery supplies the transverse colon?
middle colic artery
223
what artery arises form the lower part of the abdominal aorta and supplies the LI from the left 1/3 of the transverse colon to the upper part of the anal canal?
inferior mesenteric artery
224
what artery prevents bowel infarction and provides collateral circulation to the colon?
marginal artery
225
which branch of the inferior mesenteric artery suppies the descending colon?
left colic artery
226
which branch of the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the sigmoid colon?
sigmoid arteries
227
which branch of the inferior mesenteric artery supplies the rectum and upper part of the anal canal, also the terminal branch of inferior mesenteric artery
superior rectal artery
228
where do all branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric artery empty?
marginal artery
229
a straight terminal branch from the marginal artery to the LI also SI?
Vasa recta
230
what is the innervation of the LI from the cecum through the right 2/3rds of the tansverse colon?
autonomic from superior mesenteric plexus
231
what is the innervation os the left 2/3rds of the transverse colon to upper anal canal?
autonomic from inferior mesenteric plexus and hypogastric plexus
232
what drains the GI tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder?
portal venous system
233
all nutrients but fat go through the portal venous system. where do the fats go|?
SI to lacteals bypass liver
