G2: Settlement change Flashcards
What functions/services does a farm offer?
Negligible
What size is a farm?
1 or 2 buildings, a family
Size of a hamlet?
Less than 100 people
Functions/services in a hamlet
May have a pub/church
Size of a village
100-1000 people
Functions/services of a village
Services increase, often a primary school and small independent shops
Example of a village
Cwmcarn
Size of a town
1000-10000 people
Functions/services of a town
Further increase Two or more primary schools One high school Several shops Doctor's surgery
Examples of a town
Risca/Cwmbran
Three types of cities and corresponding sizes
Smaller city (100000-300000) Larger city (300000-1000000) Million cities (1000000-3000000)
Functions/services in a city
Services higher order, universities, hospitals, high street brands, banks, regional offices
Size of a conurbation
3m-10m people
10m+ is a Megalopolis
Functions/services of a conurbation
Services are of the highest order, national/international HQs, flagship stores, no, of universities/hospitals
Example of a conurbation
San-San (San Francisco - San Diego)
Settlement hierarchy in order of decreasing sphere of influence
Conurbation City Large town Small town Village Hamlet Isolated dwelling/farm
Example of a hamlet
Mamhilad
Why are urban models developed
To simplify morphology and land-use of cities
Makes generalisations and shows patterns that are comparable to any city
Explain the Burgess Model
Based on Chicago, 1920s
Pattern of concentric circles
Only based on Chicago
Doesn’t show recent changes
Explain the Hoyt Model
Developed in the 1940s
Based on Burgess but adds sectors of similar land use
Still uses concentric circles
Cities/settlements grow on main roads and railways
Explain the Mann model
Developed in 1960s
Considered the most useful and relevant in comparison to the modern British City
Combines Burgess/Hoyt models but more descriptive in depicting zone
Factors aren’t dominated with socio-economic grouping
Strengths of urban models
Comparison is a useful analytical tool
Based on real cities (e.g. Chicago, not just theoretical) - Actual trends have been observed
Simplifies complex ideas of land use
Visually stimulating colours of concentric circles are easy to absorb in comparison to text
Groups of land use simplify things
Drawbacks of urban models
Only work if you assume every country has the same land use characteristics as America (this is not the case) Models are out of date (40s and 60s) and don't take regeneration (gentrification), out of town retail and industry in to consideration Physical features (e.g. Rivers) aren't considered - different areas have different physical features and so land use would vary accordingly Based on large urban areas, would they work on smaller urban cities,
Similarities of models and Newport
CBD is located in the centre of Newport (occupied by retail and industry)
Like Hoyt’s model, there are residential areas that develop along transport links (e.g. B4240)
Whilst anomalies do occur, there is some degree of concentric circle effect
Differences of urban models and Newport
Industrial zone spreads eastwards along the coast. Neither Hoyt nor Mann account for this Sporadic patches of industry within residential areas, Hoyt and Mann provide a clear distinction between residential/industrial zones, mergers take place in Newport Newport has out of town retail and business parks (Newport retail park) which corresponding models are too outdated to account for Doesn't always increase in class as you get further from the CBD (Caerleon and Ringland are same distance from CBD but vary in socio-economic grouping)
Phase 1 of urbanisation (17th century)
[Rural society]
Very low levels of urbanisation (approx. 20% in UK)
South Wales was rural villages and subsistence farming
Phase 2 of urbanisation (late 18th century)
[Economic take-off begins] Industrial revolution starts Cardiff began exporting coal As it developed economically, rural to urban migration increased Cardiff began to develop as a town
Phase 3 of urbanisation (late 19th century)
[Maturing economy]
Rapid rates of urbanisation and economic development.
Cardiff grew to become a city in 1905
Coal exports drove development and from the 1850s people arrived from over 50 countries as well as the UK
Phase 4 of urbanisation (mid 20th century)
[Mass Urbanisation]
(1904) First million pound cheque was written in the coal exchange
Terraces were constructed to house factory/dock/industrial workers - Now known as the “inner city”
Urbanisation peaks at stage 4
In the UK, it was around 90%
Cardiff became Europe’s youngest capital city in 1955
Phase 5 of urbanisation (1980 onwards)
[Advanced economy – Counter - Urbanisation]
Urbanisation in some areas is beginning to reverse and counter-urbanisation is taking place. People move out of the city centre to the rural/semi-rural areas like the Vale of Glamorgan as the peace/tranquility/cleanliness pulls them in
Define Intra-Urban Migration
When people move from one part of an urban area to another and can create distinct areas with different social and cultural characteristics
Why do ghettos form?
More likely to gain employment through someone they know
Confidence in mass
Protection from racism
Same religion - Places of worship, ethnic food shops, sense of community
Already established community
Can afford low rents
Political voice enhanced as grouped together
What is gentrification?
The redevelopment and reinvestment in deprived urban areas in order to improve them and attract a more affluent, higher class of society. It draws back the ‘gentry’
Explain gentrification in Cardiff Bay
Bute Street (a deprived area of Cardiff) and Lloyd George Avenue (which has been regenerated are found side by side
Redevelopment of the area attracts a more affluent group of residents, usually young single professionals
Facilities such as Mermaid Quay and Red Dragon centre
Area has been rebranded “Cardiff Bay”, not “Cardiff Docks”
Explain gentrification in Brixton, London
9% increase in house prices in a year
Over 20 years, three bed terraced houses have increased from being worth about 80k to 650k.
Property increasing and becoming out of range for low income residents
Affluent middle class professionals are drawn in
Changing social structure reflects in new land uses like wine bars, sushi bars and champagne and cheese bars
Ethnic food and clothes shops are decreasing in number
Explain gentrification in Harlem, New York
Those who are tenants face a lack of economic security
Recession has meant town houses are a bargain for young affluent classes ($1.2mil from $3-5mil)
Newcomers can also afford newly built apartments
Local residents are displaced as they are out priced
Growing gap between the rich and the very poor
Harlem is marketed as a rich, historical, cultural area
Crime rates and education have improved due to a new socio-economic structure
What is studentification?
When distinct student areas develop in university towns occupying large areas of the inner city
Causes of studentification in Swansea?
Rapid expansion of Swansea Uni in the last 15 years - built to accommodate 3000 but 18000 enrolled
Cheap alcohol and student nights throughout the week
Cheaper uni fees in Wales
Swansea Met uni now has 6500 pupils
Effects of studentification in Swansea?
80% of properties in Brynmill are HMOs
In one street, 1 in 95 homes is a family home
More clubs, bars and takeaways
Increased incidents of anti-social behaviour
Litter and waste in streets
Poorly maintained houses are an eyesore
Increases car ownership causes parking problems
Ave. 3-5 people per house
Student spend money boosting economy
Studentification has created over 4000 jobs
Attracts investors
More 24 hour shops
Solutions to studentification in Swansea?
Changes in police hours, more on duty between 12PM-4AM
Uni have arranged meetings between students, police and residents
Street cleans have been successful with volunteer residents collecting over 800 bags of litter in 1 day
Possible greater power to local authorities so landlords have to apply for permission to change a property to a HMO
What is our case study for changing rural settlements?
The Gower (Rhossili, Reynoldston and Port Eynon)
How are rural settlements changing? (Demographic)
Rhossili
Mostly remote so depopulation has taken place (-15%)
Population structure consists of more retired and elderly residents
26% of properties are second homes/holiday homes
Reynoldston and Port Eynon
Good transport links (A4118) so population has grown (35% and 18%)
Increase in young professional families
Port Eynon (on the coast) has 47% second or holiday homes
Note: To remember name of road, think A4 (A4 sheet of paper) and 118 (118 118 TV)
How are rural settlements changing? (Environmental)
Noise disturbance has decreased/increased depending on location
New housing Eco-friendly and more sustainable
New housing also higher density and less rural on smaller plots of land
Reynoldston sees more “urban” problems such as graffiti
Traffic congestion, especially on single track country lanes intended for agricultural vehicles like tractor
Declining air quality
How are rural settlements changing? (Economic)
Decline in agriculture and increasing similarities between economic activity in rural and urban areas
Fewer than 10% (of rural areas) have a bank or building society
In most desirable locations, house prices are driven upwards
40% have no post office
39% no local shop
New types of business like farm shops and more B&Bs
Growth in leisure and recreation such as surfing in Llangenith and hang gliding in Rhossili
How are rural settlements changing? (Social/Cultural)
Conflict between locals and newcomers/second home owners as locals may be out priced of housing market
Language issues (first language may be welsh for locals)
NIMBYism for locals with concerns about future developments like transport links, housing developments, etc.
Changed to services, only 16% of villages have a GP, more internet consultations
51% with no schools as number of customers fall but schools are improving in performance with smaller classes
What are the issues facing the CBD? Why do they need to maintain a good image?
Out of town retail: Retail is being lost from the CBD and is often relocating to out of town retail centres such as Cribbs Causeway or Cardiff Bay retail park on the edge of Cardiff (Ave. spend in CBD: £34 Ave. spend in out of town retail: £55)
Internet shopping: Increased popularity of internet shopping reduces the number of people travelling to the CBD (November 2013 10% more internet sales than November 2012)
Congestion: Due to inflows from the suburbs, congestion is a major issue. Trips to the CBD can take hours and so less congested methods (Out of town retail and internet) of shopping are considered (Cardiff City Council forced to consider congestion charges)
Recession: 2008/09 economic recession has resulted in the closure of stores such as Woolworths (disappeared from retail) as they can no longer afford to keep their shops running with less sales. The London financial district has also shrunk
Growth of recreation: Central recreation areas are growing with more theatres, museums and galleries such as the Wales Millennium Centre and Millennium stadium for sporting/musical events so less room for retail
It needs to be revived to avoid the urban doughnut effect
What strategies have been implemented to avoid the urban doughnut effect?
Urban doughnut effect -The relocation of functions to the edge of the urban area results in an economically empty city centre
Pedestrianisation improves safety and can increase he footfall by creating a more attractive environment. In Cardiff (St. Mary’s street), pedestrianisation such as street furniture and potted plants/shrubs have generated what CCC define “a superior retail experience”
To compete with with out of town retail and internet shopping, they’ve combined retail with leisure and entertainment. St Davids 2 in Cardiff (which cost £675mil) is based on the concept of an undercover shopping mall is combined with leisure facilities such as restaurants. Riverside farmers market on weekends is an open air market specialising in locally produced goods. Mill lane is an around the clock city centre with bars/restaurants during the day and nightclubs at night
Congestion is tackled by improving public transport so that the CBD is a more accessible place in the city. In Cardiff, this has involved more bus lanes and park and ride schemes. Many businesses prioritise on-site parking for employees who car pool. The congestion charge in London also tackles problems of accessibility. In American cities like New York, car pooling (known as ride share) has been encouraged - they have a website to arrange specific details
Planning regulations stipulate in some areas that if a store wants to locate out of town, they must also keep their high street presence.
Define rural-urban fringe
The zone of transition between an urban and a rural area or where the suburbs meet the countryside
E.g. Culverhouse Cross where urban area of Cardiff meets rural area of the Vale of Glamorgan. It is an area where many different types of land use compete for space
Why is land at the rural-urban fringe in high demand?
Cheap land Less traffic/pollution Easier access/Better road infrastructure (e.g. A4232 and A48 intersect close to the M4) Pleasant environment with open space Room to expand Room for parking Work force available in nearby suburbs Lower crime rate
What land uses are in competition at the rural-urban fringe?
Housing developments as urban sprawl continues and suburbs grow and spread Science/business parks Out of town retailers Office developments Hotels and conference centres Leisure and recreation
Vale of Glamorgan Council’s view on the rural-urban fringe
The council and planning authority needs to meet the demands of residents by providing services but wants to retain and preserve the rural character of the area that attracted people in the first place
Cardiff County Council’s views on rural-urban fringe
Council and planning authority is under pressure to meet housing needs as suburbs spill further in to traditionally rural areas (urban sprawl). It also has to meet needs of retailers and growing professional sports teams
Positives of developments on rural-urban fringe
Job opportunities for local residents in retail parks and stores such as TK Maxx and Homebase
Farmers who decide to sell their land benefit economically as land values increase due to the rules of demand
The A4232 provides great access to the city centre for residents/commuters who were previously more isolated
Local residents have access to better services, benefitting the elderly in particular who can use local shops for essential goods
Negatives of developments on the rural urban fringe
Conflicts between newcomers and local residents due to attitudes of NIMBYism where local residents object to developments like housing
The urban area of a Cardiff is growing with little control is and is limited by features such as motorways and the River Taff rather than planning restrictions
Increased traffic and congestion along the A4232 and A48 at rush hour in particular
Noise and air pollution due to traffic (some residents have moved away from new housing developments due to noise from A4232)
Loss of agricultural land and countryside
New properties are not keeping with the character of older properties and the character is becoming more urban/less rural
What is our case study for regeneration in the inner city?
The regeneration of Cardiff Docks
Why was regeneration needed?
Coal exports declined throughout both world wars
Coal exports stopped in 1964
It became cheaper to extract and export coal from developing countries
Cardiff Docks were left redundant and derelict
Button had unemployment, high crime and a deteriorating urban fabric
Benefits of the regeneration
Social: By gentrifying Cardiff Bay, young affluent professionals have moved in
Important cultural features have been preserved/restored such as the Norwegian Church in 1997
Perception of less crime
More facilities in Mermaid Quay
Economic: More tourism boosting local economy
More jobs created (Atlantic Wharf offices), recreational jobs (Mermaid Quay)
Raised income in area as improved socio-economic group
Multiplier effect in that business attracts more business
Environmental: 300 hectare fresh water lake is aesthetically pleasing
Derelict buildings have been revived to create high quality environment
Lots of public transport which is in high demand (less air pollution)
35 bike hire points
Drawbacks of the regeneration
Social: Conflict between newcomers and original ‘Tiger Bay’ residents
Exacerbated crime in Bute Town
Loss of cultural identity of the original population
Economic: Tourism is only seasonal (summer beach and winter wonderland)
Didn’t create as many jobs as it intended to
Expensive project (£2.4billion)
1/3 of new apartments were empty in 2008
High rents of new apartments out of range for original population
Environmental: Traffic congestion (A4232)
Bute tunnels flood quite frequently
Water pollution due to increased use of fuel-powered boats
Destruction of mud flats - prime habitat for wading birds
Regenerated Lloyd George Avenue hyperbolised the run down nature of Bute Street
