G2 Flashcards
These are the building blocks of rocks. They are naturally occuring, solid, inorganic substances and have distinctive chemical and physical
properties, composition and atomic structure.
MINERALS
It is the color of the powdered mineral, which is usually more useful for identification than the color of the whole mineral sample.
STREAK
It is the way a mineral breaks when it is not cleaving. It is a break in a mineral that is not along a cleavage plane. It is not always the same in the same mineral because it is not determined by the structure of the mineral.
FRACTURE
Is one of the most obvious properties of a mineral but has often limited diagnostic value, especially in minerals that are not opaque.
COLOR
Is the characteristic that describes how the particles of a mineral hold together or resist separation. can also describe the reaction of a mineral to stress such as crushing, bending, breaking, or tearing.
TENACITY
It is an intrinsic physical property of minerals that relates to the composition of the mineral and to the pattern in which the mineral’s atoms are arranged. It is also called the specific gravity of a mineral.
DENSITY
It is measured by the resistance which a smooth surface offers to abrasion. The degree of this property is determined by observing the comparative ease or difficulty in which one mineral is scratched by another.
It is usually tested by scratching its surface with a metal or mineral of known hardness.
HARDNESS
The scale used to measure hardness that ranges from 1-10, with 1 being the softest and 10 being the hardest.
MOHS SCALE
It describes the reflection of light off a mineral’s surface. It is not the same thing as color, so it is crucial to distinguish this from color.
LUSTER
It is the tendency of a mineral to break along certain planes or angles due to the atomic structure of the mineral.
CLEAVAGE
This is another important aspect to consider when identifying a mineral. It refers to the geometric shape of mineral crystals. It is caused by the symmetrical, three-dimensional arrangement of atoms inside the mineral. Different minerals can have different crystal habits and shapes, so being familiar with them is key in determining the identity of a mineral.
CRYSTAL FORM
Give the two process of formation of all minerals
● FORMATION FROM HOT MATERIAL
● FORMATION FROM SOLUTION
Melted rock inside the Earth is also called molten rock, or magma. Magma is a molten mixture of substances that can be hotter than 1,000 Celsius. When magma erupts onto Earth’s surface, it is known as Lava. As lava flows from volcanoes, it starts to cool. Minerals form when magma and lava cools. As the magma cools, solid rocks form and rocks are mixtures of minerals.
What formation is this?
FORMATION FROM HOT MATERIAL
Existing Rocks may be heated enough so that the molecules release from their structure and can move around. The molecules may match up with different molecules to form new minerals as the rocks cool. This occurs during _____________.
METAMORPHISM
After the water evaporates, the amount of mineral left is the same as was in the water. Water can only hold a certain amount of dissolved minerals and salts. When the amount is too great to stay dissolved in the water the particles come together to form mineral solids.
MINERALS FROM SALT WATER
The heat from the magma heats the nearby underground water and the water moves through the cracks below Earth’s surface. As the water flows through the open spaces in the rock and cools, it deposits solid minerals.
MINERALS FROM HOT UNDERGROUND WATER
The mineral deposits that fill the cracks in rocks.
VEINS
A combustible black or brownish black sedimentary rock with a high amount of carbon and hydrocarbons.
COAL
This type of coal contains 45%–86% carbon. And has been existing between 100–300 million years old.
BITUMINOUS
The highest coal rank material, which appears to have been derived from algae, is known from the proterozoic eon that contains 86% - 97% carbon and has the highest heat value.
ANTHRACITE
This type of coal contains 35% - 45% carbon, and it has a lower heating value than bituminous coal. At least 100 million years old.
SUBBITUMINOUS
This type of coal contains 35% - 45% carbon, and it has a lower heating value than bituminous coal. At least 100 million years old.
SUBBITUMINOUS
Tjis tupe of coal contains 25% - 35% carbon and has the lowest energy content of all coal rank. It is mostly used to generate electricity.
LIGNITE
A type of coal mining in which the overburden (Earth and rock material overlying the coal) is removed to expose a coal seam or coal bed.
SURFACE MINING
A type of coal mining where the coal is extracted from below the surface of the earth. The coal is worked through tunnel passage, and connected to the surface for the purpose of the removal of the coal.
UNDERGROUND MINING
It is also known as crude oil and oil, it is a naturally occuring, yellowish- black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth’s surface.
PETROLEUM
This word is derived from the Latin words “petra” meaning rock, and “odeum” meaning oil.
PETROLEUM
This theory states that petroleum is either left over from the formation of the solar system or was formed later deep within the earth when hydrogen and carbon came together, as a result of heat and pressure on minerals.
INORGANIC THEORY
This theory states that petroleum formed the remains of plants and animals. Most geologists believe that the plant and animals that formed petroleum were very small, such as plankton and algae that inhabited ancient seas.
ORGANIC THEORY
Where is petroleum used?
❖ Transportation
❖ Industrial Power
❖ Heating
❖ Lighting
❖ Lubricants
❖ Petro-chemical Industry
What are the classfications of rocks?
● Igneous Rocks
● Sedimentary Rocks
● Metamorphic Rocks
These rocks are formed on or near the Earth’s surface, in contrast to metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are formed deep within the Earth. The most important geological processes that lead to the creation of sedimentary rocks are erosion, weathering, dissolution, precipitation, and lithification.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
These rocks are formed from the solidification of magma or lava.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
This word comes from the Latin word ‘ignis,’ which means ‘of fire.’
IGNEOUS
These rocks start as one type of rock and— with pressure, heat, and time— gradually change into a new type of rock.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
This term is most often used in reference to the
process of a caterpillar changing into a butterfly. However, this word is a broad term that indicates a change from one thing to another.
METAMORPHOSIS
This rocks are made of pieces of pre-existing rocks. The rock fragments can be any size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders.
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
These rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies beneath the Earth’s surface. The slow cooling that occurs there allows large crystals to form.
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
These rocks are made of organic material, such as plant or animal remains.
ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Also known as Plutonic Rocks
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
These rocks are formed from lava, lava results when magma reaches the Earth’s surface from a volcanic eruption and then cools quickly. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals.
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
These rocks have a layered or banded appearance, produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure.
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
These rocks are made of minerals that have been precipitated from solution. The minerals in chemical sedimentary rocks form when water evaporates, leaving behind dissolved minerals.
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
These rocks do not have a layered or banded appearance.
NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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