G1-G4

Question 1

●
Dualism: The self is composed of two
parts: the body (imperfect, temporary)
and the soul (perfect, eternal).

Answer 1

Socrates and Plato

Question 2

●
Plato’s Three Parts of the Soul:

Answer 2

Rational Soul: Governs reason and
intellect.
●
Spirited
Soul:
Responsible
for
emotions.
● Appetitive Soul: Controls desires and
basic instincts.

Question 3

The self is both imperfect and immortal. The soul can
achieve immortality through communion
with God.

Answer 3

Augustine and Thomas Aquinas

Question 4

Man is made of matter
(body) and form (soul), drawing from
Aristotle. The soul gives life to the body
and makes humans distinct.

Answer 4

Thomas Aquinas

Question 5

●
Cogito Ergo Sum (“I think, therefore I
am”): The mind is the essence of the
self, while the body is just an extension.
The mind defines existence.

Answer 5

Rene Descartes

Question 6

●
Empiricism: The self is just a collection
of impressions and perceptions. There
is no constant self, only changing
experiences.

Answer 6

David Hume

Question 7

The
self
is an
accumulation
of
ever-changing
experiences.

Answer 7

Bundle Theory

Question 8

●
The Self as an Organizing Principle:
The mind organizes and synthesizes
experiences.
It
goes
beyond
the
physical
world,
enabling
us
to
experience
both real and abstract
things.

Answer 8

Immanuel Kant

Question 9

●
Critique of Dualism: Denied the idea of a
non-physical self. The self is a collection
of behaviors, not aseparate mental
entity.

Answer 9

Gilbert Ryle

Question 10

●
Embodied Subjectivity: The self is a
combination of the mind and body,
inseparable and intertwined. The self is
shaped by experiences, thoughts,and
emotions.

Answer 10

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Question 11

The self is unique and distinct from
others, even among twins. It is defined
by its:

Answer 11

What is the self

Question 12

Unique personality and
identity

Answer 12

Distinctness

Question 13

Self-contained with its
own thoughts and will

Answer 13

Independence

Question 14

A stable entity that allows
for the study of its traits and tendencies.

Answer 14

Consistency

Question 15

The self is the central
point of experiences and thoughts

Answer 15

Unitary Nature

Question 16

The self-processes emotions,
thoughts, and information internally.

Answer 16

Privacy

Question 17

●
Tarzan Example: Tarzan’s interaction
with animals shaped him into a creature
like them. This shows how the external
world influences the self.

Answer 17

The Self and the External World:

Question 18

Argues that the
self is not a static entity but shaped by
the social world, constantly evolving through social interactions.

Answer 18

Social Constructivism

Question 19

●
Culture impacts how individuals viewthemselves. Traditions, values, and
beliefs from family and society shape
one’s identity, and in return, personal
identity influences how one relates to
culture

Answer 19

The Self and Culture

Question 20

●
Socialization: Individuals learn norms
and values from social interactions (e.g.,family, peers). The social world shapes
the self and, conversely, the self
contributes to the social world byintroducing new behaviors and ideas.

Answer 20

The Self and the Social World

Question 21

● Focused on role-playing and
understanding others’ perspectives to
shape the self.

Answer 21

Mead

Question 22

Emphasized that the self is
developed through language acquisition
and dialogue, learning from real-life
interactions

Answer 22

Vygotsky

Question 23

●
The family plays a crucial role in
shaping the self. Geneticdispositions
from parents influence personality, but
family interactions further develop one’s
sense of self.

Answer 23

Self and Families

Question 24

●
Gender identity is fluid and subject to
personal discovery. While culture and
society impose certain expectations,
true
self-expressioncomes
from
personal understanding and assertion of gender.

Answer 24

Gender and the Self

Question 25

• The “self” refers to the sense of
  personal identity and who we are as
  individuals (Jhangiani and Tarry, 2014).

Answer 25

Definition of “Self

Question 26

• Two Aspects of Self
• “I” The thinking, acting, and feeling
  self.
• “Me”: The physical characteristics
  and psychological capabilities that
  define who you are (Gleitman, Gross,
  and Reisberg, 2011).

Answer 26

William James’s Theory (1890):

Question 27

Developed the
theory of self-schema and self-concept

Answer 27

Carl Rogers (1959)

Question 28

Proposed that self
and identity are social products created
through interaction.

Answer 28

G.H. Mead (1934)

Question 29

Focused on the self,mental processes, and behavior, shaped
by the Id, Ego, and Superego

Answer 29

Sigmund Freud

Question 30

Known for
contributions to **Social Comparison
Theory

Answer 30

Leon Festinger

Question 31

Developed
the Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory

Answer 31

Abraham Tesser (1988):

Question 32

Research on the limitations of
self-esteem as a predictor of positive
outcome

Answer 32

Baumeister, Smart, and Boden
(1996):

Question 33

emphasize individual
achievement, rights, and freedom of
speech.

Answer 33

Western cultures

Question 34

prioritize family, social
obligations, and community harmony.

Answer 34

Eastern cultures

Question 35

emphasize individual
achievement and freedoms.

Answer 35

Western cultures

Question 36

often
prioritize collectivism

Answer 36

Eastern
cultures

Question 37

The importance of being on time,
productivity, and task-oriented activities
is common in

Answer 37

Western cultures.

Question 38

prioritize connections,
harmony, and adaptability due to their
exposure to a polychronic historical
perspective

Answer 38

Eastern cultures

Question 39

For justice, equality,
and an average order of society are
typically encouraged

Answer 39

Western cultures

Question 40

often
prioritize
hierarchy, respect for authority, and a
larger power distance between social
classes or generations

Answer 40

Eastern
cultures

Question 41

societies
influenced
by Judeo-Christian traditions often prioritize
individual spirituality and diverse beliefs

Answer 41

Western

Question 42

In religious practices
are often deeply intertwined with daily
life,
emphasizing
rituals,
collective
worship, and a strong connection to
ancestral traditions.

Answer 42

Eastern cultures

Question 43

In civilizations, aggressiveness
and individual viewpoints are valued
together
with
direct
and explicit
communication

Answer 43

Western

Question 44

In civilizations, aggressiveness
and individual viewpoints are valued
together
with
direct
and
explicit
communication

Answer 44

Western

Question 45

often favor indirect
communication, relying on nonverbal
cues and context, which can lead to
misunderstandings
in
cross-cultural
interactions.

Answer 45

Eastern cultures

Question 46

-Confucianism,
a
Chinese
philosophy,
emphasizes
ancestor worship,
human-centered virtues, and the golden rule:
“do not do unto others what you would not want
others to do unto you.

Answer 46

KONG
QIU

Question 47

• Taoism, a Chinese philosophy and
  religion, emphasizes living in harmony with the
  Tao, a cosmic force. It originated in rural China
  and was once the official religion of the Tang
  Dynasty

Answer 47

LAO TZU

Question 48

Buddhism, a religion
originating in India, teaches that enlightenment
(nirvana) can free one from the cycle of suffering
and rebirth. The Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama,
is considered the first to achieve enlightenment

Answer 48

BUDDHA DHARMA

Question 49

●
Western perspective does not discount
the environment and society in the
formation of the self but the focus is
always looking toward self,they look at
the world as a duality wherein you are
distinct from the other person, thecreator is separate from the object he
created.

Answer 49

Western Thought

Question 50

●
another term of western culture because
it focuses on the person.

Answer 50

Individualistic Culture

Question 51

●
another term of Asian culture as the
group and social relations that is given
more importance than individual needs
and wants.

Answer 51

Collectivistic Culture