G04--> Addiction Flashcards
Describe in a very basic form dependence syndrome
based on the past year three or more of certain behaviors must be present
considered a bio-psycho-social disease
what are the behaviors present in those with dependence syndrome?
urge, desire to consume drugs
reduced ability to control beginning, end and amount of consumption of drugs
consumption of drugs to reduce withdrawal symptoms
physical withdrawal syndrome
tolerance, increasing dose to achieve the desired effect
unrestricted behavior pattern dealing with drugs
progressive neglect of pleasure or fields of interest
progressive consumption of drugs despite evidence of negative consequences
Cause of dependence, risk factors?
plentiful including neurologic developmental effects, social interactions, self esteem, family and many more
In dependence disorders part of the cause is biological/genetic factors. Describe the study with twins that was done to display this genetic link
studies with twins from alcoholic and non-alcoholic families that are raised separately show definitive evidence for a greater likelihood for developing alcoholism
which neurotransmitters must be lacking (most likely genetically) in individuals with an addiction disease?
serotonin
what are personality factors that go along with addiction?
novelty seeking
harm avoidance
reward dependence
Describe the ventral tegmental reward system?
addictive substances as well as electrical stimulation activate the reward system
which neurotransmitter is thought to be initially low in individuals with addiction
dopamine is able to induce feelings like euphoria or orgasm.
the concentration of dopamine in the brains of individuals who become addicted is thought to be low.
Use of addictive substances by addicts does what to the dopamine levels?
all addictive substances are able to increase the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS resulting in a release of dopamine
Sexual behavior and food intake can be extinct through what?
electrical stimulation or injection of cocaine in the nucleus accumbens, which is part of the reward system
remember that when individuals are high this over rides all other pleasurable activities, the addiction is all they can think about.
The brain reward system plays an important role in what else?
generating normal behavior like food or water intake or reproductive behavior.
Neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) send their axons where?
to nucleus accumbens, striatum and frontal cortex (Structures, involved in motivation)
Electrical stimulation in midbrain activates what?
dopaminergic neurons in VTA which causes a greater release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens
Therefore the midbrain dopaminergic neurons do what/
reward dependent learning
There are two types of addiction personalities what are they?
type 1 –> low in novelty seeking, high harm avoidance and high reward dependence
type 2 –> high novelty seeking, low hard avoidance and low reward dependence
how does psychology and upbringing factor into addiction?
majority of addicts have hx of abusive childhood
the mood change upon engaging in the addiction (Drugs, gambling ,sex) is what they crave
their addiction is used to replace the uncomfortability of normal life.
The learning model of addiction discussed an example of shy man at a bar: describe the scenario of this man
feels better and relaxed to be social after a few drinks (positive, internal and short term)
argument may develop from loose lips (negative, external and short term)
hangover the following day (negative, internal and long term)
If the man encountered so many negative consequences from a night at the bar, then why does he keep wanting to go back?
negative consequences would presumably stop him from drinking but the short term effects are remembered better than the long term, thus he will drink again
The learning model describes different types of consequences what are they?
external and internal consequences
long and short term consequences
positive and negative consequences
