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7th Grade Anatomy and Physiology > G-W Anatomy and Physiology 2.2 > Flashcards

G-W Anatomy and Physiology 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is extracellular fluid?

A

mostly water, what surrounds cells

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2
Q

what is the extracellular matrix?

A

may be solid or gel-like and differs depending on the type of tissue

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3
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

the outer shell of a cell

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4
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

everything inside of a cell except for the nucleus

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5
Q

what are the structural proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

structural proteins, ion and water channels, and glycoproteins

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6
Q

what does the phospholipid bilayer do?

A

it is selectively permeable

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7
Q

what are some examples of structural protiens

A

cadherin, integrin, and spectrin

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8
Q

what links the inside and the outside of the cell?

A

structural protiens

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9
Q

what are channel proteins?

A

they are proteins that have a hollow center pore that allows water or small charged particles such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride to pass in or out of the cell

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10
Q

how do channel proteins work?

A

they are extremely selective, and test on polarity as well, it also tests for size both larger and smaller

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11
Q

name the 12 parts of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, nucleus, smooth endoplasmic rectum, cytoplasm, peroxisome, centrosome, lysosome, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic rectum, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton

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12
Q

what is a glycoprotein?

A

are proteins with carbohydrates attached

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13
Q

what is the glycocalyx?

A

the layer of carbohydrate groups surrounding a cell

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14
Q

what does the glycocalyx do?

A

helps with cell recognition

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of membrane transport?

A

passive and active

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16
Q

what is passive transport?

A

does not require energy, usually works using diffusion

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17
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the movement of material from a place where it is concentrated to a place where it is not concentrated

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18
Q

what type of molecules can diffuse through cell membrane?

A

small non-polar molecules

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19
Q

what is the diffusion called when it diffuses through the cell membrane?

A

simple diffusion

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20
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

protein aided transport through the cell

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21
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of molecules from places it wants to be to places it does not want to be

22
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

where a region of a cell creates packets of stuff that can go through

23
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

the breaking down of the packets of stuff into the cell

24
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

a network of proteins that defines the shape of a cell and gives it mechanical strength

25
Q

what are the 3 types of long fibers in the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubles

26
Q

what is a microfilament?

A

the thinnest of the three, made of actin subunits. found in most cells and most prominent in muscles

27
Q

what is a intermediate filament?

A

made of keratin, extend across a cell and gives it strength

28
Q

what is a microtubule?

A

the largest diameter cytoskeletal fibers, made of tubulin subunits that help separate and organize chromosomes during cell division.

29
Q

what is a microvilli?

A

finger-like extensions that increase the surface area of a cell.

30
Q

what does cilia do?

A

they move fluid or mucus around the outside of the cell

31
Q

what does a centriole do?

A

help guide movement and separation during cell division

32
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

produces ATP

33
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the breakdown of a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules

34
Q

what does the citric acid cycle do?

A

breaks down the molecules into carbon atoms, then bond with oxygen to form CO2, then mitochondria uses that energy to create ATP

35
Q

what is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

a set of membranous discs in the cytoplasm

36
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

creates packets of stuff to move around the cell

37
Q

what is a ribosome?

A

a very large enzyme that makes polypeptides

38
Q

what is in a ribosome subunit?

A

RNA and protein subunits

39
Q

what is endoplasmic rectum (ER)?

A

a network of membranes in the cytoplasm

40
Q

where is the ER in the cell?

A

near the edge of the nucleus

41
Q

what is rough ER

A

ER with ribosomes attached

42
Q

what is smooth ER

A

ER without ribosomes attached

43
Q

what does smooth ER make?

A

'’replacement’’ membrane for the cell, as well as adipocytes and hepatocytes

44
Q

what is in the cell nucleus?

A

the cells DNA

45
Q

what is a codon?

A

a set of 3 bases in the mRNA that is the code for 1 amino acid

46
Q

what is mitosis?

A

the division of a cell nucleus

47
Q

what is cytokenisis?

A

the division of the cytoplasm

48
Q

what is prophase?

A

it is where chromatin (DNA + associated proteins) ‘‘condenses’’ to form chromosomes

49
Q

what is metaphase?

A

where spindle-like fibers ‘‘lock on’’ to the chromosomes

50
Q

what is anaphase?

A

where the fibers are ‘‘snipped’’ into 2 for each to form a separate nucleus

51
Q

what is telophase?

A

where the chromatids ‘‘decondense’’ back into their original form

52
Q

what is cancer?

A

where there are bad mutations in the cell reproduction and they get out of control

7th Grade Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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