[G] Social influences Flashcards
Who developed social cognitive theory?
Bandura.
What does social cognitive theory suggest?
Gender development is the result of modelling and learning from social agents who reinforce behaviour.
What is indirect reinforcement?
Where the child observes the behaviour of others and learns the consequences of it.
What is direct reinforcement?
Where the child learns through activities they perform.
What are the three social agents of gender development?
Peers, parents and the media.
What are parents seen to do?
Reinforce gender appropriate behaviours.
What did Smith and Lloyd observe?
Mothers playing with an infant who was presented as either a boy or girl and played with different toys depending on which gender the baby was assigned by name.
What did Fagot find?
Parents who have the clearest patterns of differential reinforcement have children who are quickest to develop strong gender preferences.
How did Langlois and Downs find that mothers and fathers responded to gender inappropriate behaviour?
Fathers were more openly disapproving of their son’s behaviour whereas mothers simply reinforced appropriate behaviour.
What did Basow find?
Boys are asked to help more with manual chores whereas girls are asked to help with domestic chores.
Why are peers important in gender development?
Because they offer examples of gender appropriate behaviours.
What did Perry and Bussey find?
Children shown a video of a boy picking up a pear and a girl an apple copied the behaviour of their role model later on.
How do peers provide feedback?
By bullying inappropriate behaviour and rewarding appropriate behaviour.
How does the media generally portray males?
As strong and independent.
How does the media generally portray females?
As dependent and emotional.
