G&D Flashcards
2 months teach about
rolling off of things, keep hand on baby at all times
Prenatal period
conception to birth
Infancy and toddlerhood
birth to 2 years
Early childhood
2-6 years
Middle childhood
6-12 years (school age)
Adolescence
12-19
Emerging adult
19-25
Principles of growth and development
Sequential, influenced by heredity, environment, and learning. head to toe (cephalocaudal) and inner to out (proximodistal) Pace varies based on maturation and practice Needs stimulation to proceed with development
Critical period
Certain things must occur for normal development
Sensitive period
Particular development occurs most easily like algebra is easier to learn in adolescence. Other examples - walking, talking, driving
Physical domain of development
Body size, proportion, appearance, brain development, motor develpment, perception capabilities, physical health
Cognitive domain
Thought processes, intellectual abilities including attention, memory, problem solving, imagination, creativity, academic knowledge, metacognition, language
Social/Emotional domain
Self knowledge – self esteem, sexual identity, ethic identity, morals, understanding emotions and expressions, self regulation, temperment, understanding others, interpersonal skills, friendships
Physical domain
occurs in a predictable and orderly pattern.
Calorie requirements
Birth - 6 months: 120 kcal/kg/day, 7mo-1 year 100. 2-10 70-100, adolescents 45
Weight gain
10% loss, regain in 2 weeks. x2 by 6 months, x3 by 1 year. x4 by 2 years.
School age gain this much weight every year
5-7 pounds
3 years - school age height
3 years to school age 2-5 inches annually.
Weight and height from age 1 to 3
1-3 years old, growth slows after 1 year. Between age 1 and 3 gain 4-6 pounds and grows 3 inches annually Most energy is related to other areas of development
Weight and height from 2 to 6
grow 3 inches annually and gain 4.5 pounds annually. Center of gravity moves from breast bone to belly button. Become slimmer as lower body lengthens
Preschool body changes
potbelly goes away, longer and slimmer, bellies flatten, abdominal muscles strengthen, pelvises straighten. Slow and steady growth Muscles are stronger, moved more balanced as muscles straighten. Face looks like how they will look as an adult
Preschool weight gain and growth
4.5-6.5 lbs and 2.5-3.5 inches a year
School age growth
Slow and stead, self care is easy. Depend less on family. Run faster. Can eat enough or too much. Malnutrition is evident in height. . Grown 2 inches per year, and 4-6 lbs each year. Factors influenced by diet and exercise
Puberty
rapid physical growth each increases on a schedule weight first then height limbs then torso. Increased body fat then height and muscle.
Freud
Psychosexual theory child personality is formed by the waus in which parents managede sexual and aggressive drives
Psychoanalytic theory
Oral and anal stages. Oral is 1st year mouth is primary source of gratification. If denied will be an adult stuck at this stage - eat drink chew bite talk excessively. Anal is 2nd year sensual pleasure of bowel movements and the psychological pleasure of controlling them. Strict or premature toilet training will lead to need for control, regularity and cleanliness
Erikson stages
Development is life long. Trust v mistrust = birth - 1 year Autonomy v shame 1-3 Initiative v guilt 3-6 Industry v inferiority 6-11 Identity v confusion adolescence Intimacy v isolation young adult Generativity v stagnation middle adult Integrity v dispair elderly
Piaget Cognitive development
Children consruct their understanding of the world through involvement and interactions through assimilation and accommodation
Sensorimotor
birth-2: infant uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world
Preoperation
2-7 mental representations of objects symbolic thought and language
Concrete operations
7-11 logical operations or principles when solving problems
Formal operations
12 and older logical operations in a systemic fashion with ability to use abstractions
Denver II
Standardized, need to be certified, interpret test, recommend referrals looks at 4 stage: social, gross motor, fine motor, language
Newborn Denver
assess a neuro problem like CP
Infant Denver
identify nature of the problem for early intervention
Children denver
delineate academic and social problems in order to give early intervention
Administer Denver
During any visit with or without parents for children between birth and 6
Interpret Denver II
Presents as age norms the more items the child fails to perform passed by 90 percent of peers the more likely they are to have a developmental deviation
Ages and Stages
Parent led questionnaire, captures parents knowledge, highlights strengths and concerns, teaches parents about child development and their own childs skills, highlights results that fall in the monitoring zone to make it easier to keep track of children at risk. 21 quesetionaires screening gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social
Gross Motor Skills
gross precedes fine motor skills in a cephalocaudal fashion - head precedes arm and hand control followed by leg and foot
Gross motor development
Newborn: cannot lift head, 6 months easily lifts head, chest, upper abdomen and can bare weight on arms
Sitting up
2 mo: need assist. 6mo: can sit alone in a tripod position. 8mo: can sit w out support and engage in play
Walking
9 mo: crawl. 1 year: stand from a crawl position. 13mo: walk and toddle quickly. 15mo can run
Fine motor Infant
Newborn: involuntary grasp and dropped w out notice. 6mo: palmar grasp uses entire hand to pick up object. 9mo: pincer, small object w thumb and forefinger
Speech Milestones
1-2mo - coos. 2-6mo laugh and squeal. 8-9mo babbles mama dada. 10-12 mama dada specific. 18-20: 20-30 words half understood by strangers. 22-24mo: two word sentences over 50 words, 75 percent understood by strangers. 30-36mo: almost all speech understood by strangers.
Hearing
BAER hearing tests done at birth screens tympanic membrane mobility if fails retest in 1 month can be from amniotic fluid built up. ability to hear interferes with enunciation. ask hx of otitis media, PET tubes.
Red flags in development
Cant sit alone by 9months Cant transfer objects from hand to hand by 1 year. Abnormal pincer by 15mo. Cant walk alone by 18mo, Failure to speak recognizable words by 2 years
Fine motor toddler
1 year - transfer objects from hand to hand, 2 year can hold a crayon and color vertical strokes, turn book pages, build 6 block tower
Fine motor older toddler
3 - copy a circle and a cross, build using small blocks 4 - scissors, color in the lines. 5- write letters, draw a person with body parts
Issues in parenting toddlers
Stranger anxiety should dissipate by 2.5-3 years. Temper tantrums weekly in most children peak at 1.5 years disappear by age 3. Sibling rivalry peaks between 1-2 years. Thumb sucking, toilet training
Fine motor
buttoning clothes, holding a crayon, buiding small blocks, using scissors, playing a board game, have child draw a picture of himself
Red flags in preschool
Cant perform self care tasks, hand washing, dressing, daytime toileting. Lack socialization. Unable to play w other children. Unable to follow directions.
School years fine motor
Writing skills improve, fine motor refined, building w legos, sewng, musical instrument, painting, typing, computers
School performance
ask if they like school, fav subject, learning difficulties, attention problems, homework, parent expectations
Red flags school age
Failing, lack of friends, social isolation, aggressive behavior - fights, animal abuse
School age gross motor
8-10 years team sports
School age cognitive
Greater ability to concentrate and participate in self initiating quiet activities that challenge cognitive skills such as reading, computer, board games
Adolescent
challenge values with gaining independence, critical of adult authority, relies on peer relationship, mood swings
Adolescent behavior problems
Anorexia, attention deficit, anger, suicide
Adolescent teaching
relationships, sexuality, substance abuse, gangs, driving, weapons
Autism
social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors or narrow obsessive interests - need all 3. usually noticed between 1.5-3 years. NJ 1 in 45 pregnancies
