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PHYSICS A LEVEL REVISION - UVI > Further Mechanics > Flashcards

Further Mechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of force is required to keep and object moving in a circle at constant speed?

A

A constant centripetal force

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2
Q

An object moving in a circle at a constant speed is accelerating. True or False, and why?

A

True - direction is constantly changing so velocity is constantly changing so it is accelerating

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3
Q

What equations can you use to calculate angular speed, w?

A 
w = v / r
w = 2 x π x f
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4
Q

What is angular acceleration in terms of angular velocity in the form of an equation?

A

Ac = w^2 x r

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5
Q

What is angular acceleration in terms of velocity in the form of an equation?

A

Ac = v^2 / r

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6
Q

What are the equations for centripetal force?

A 
Fc = m x r x w^2
Fc = (m x v^2) / r
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7
Q

What is a radian?

A

The angle of a circle sector such that the radius, r, is equal to the arc length, and are normally written in terms of pi. 2π = 360º

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8
Q

What are the conditions for simple harmonic motion?

A
  • Acceleration (a) must be proportional to its displacement (-x) from the equilibrium point
  • It must act towards the equilibrium point
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9
Q

What is the constant of proportionality linking acceleration and x in SHM?

A
  • Angular velocity squared (w^2)
    or
  • -k/m
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10
Q

What is x as a trig function of t and w in SHM?

A

x = Acos(wt)
or
x = Asin(wt)

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11
Q

How can you calculate the maximum speed using w and A?

A

Max speed = w x A

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12
Q

How can you calculate the maximum acceleration using w and A?

A

Max acceleration = w^2 x A

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13
Q

What is the equation for the time period of a mass - spring simple harmonic system?

A

T = 2π √(m/k)

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14
Q

What is the equation for the time period of a simple harmonic pendulum?

A

T = 2π√(l/g)

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15
Q

What is the small angle approximation for sinx?

A

sinx = x

Valid in radians

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16
Q

What is the small angle approximation for cosx?

A

cosx = 1 - (x^2/2)

Valid in radians

17
Q

Describe the graph for potential energy and kinetic energy against displacement, for a SHM system?

A
  • At the mean position, the total energy in simple harmonic motion is purely kinetic and at the extreme position, the total energy in SHM is purely potential energy
  • At other positions, kinetic and potential energies are interconvertible and their sum is equal to 1/2 x k x a^2
  • The graph is parabolic in nature
18
Q

Define simple harmonic motion.

A

The motion of a body which is acted upon by a resultant force whose magnitude is proportional to the distance of the body from a fixed point and whose direction is always towards that point

19
Q

Define free vibrations.

A

The frequency a system tends to vibrate at in a free vibration is called the natural frequency

20
Q

Define forced vibrations.

A

A driving force causes the system to vibrate at a different frequency. For higher driving frequencies, the phase difference between the driver and the oscillations rises to π radians. For lower frequencies, the oscillations are in phase with the driving force.

21
Q

What is resonance in a SHM system?

A

When vibrations caused by a driving force most efficiently transfers energy to the system, the phase difference will be π/2 radians

22
Q

Define dampened harmonic motion.

A

When amplitude diminishes with time as a consequence of a small damping force impeding the motion

23
Q

Define damping.

A

Occurs when an opposing force dissipates energy to the surroundings

24
Q

Explain what is critical damping.

A

Reduces the amplitude to zero in the quickest time

25
Q

Explain what is overdamping.

A

When the damping force is too strong and it returns to equilibrium slowly without oscillation

26
Q

Explain what is underdamping.

A

When the damping force is too weak and it oscillated with exponentially decreasing amplitude

27
Q

What happens to a vibration with greater damping?

A

The amplitude is lower at all frequencies due to greater energy losses from the system. The resonant peak is also broader

28
Q

What are some of the implications of resonance in real life?

A
  • Soldiers must break stop when crossing bridges

- Vehicles designed for no unwanted vibrations

PHYSICS A LEVEL REVISION - UVI (6 decks)

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