Further Chemistry Flashcards
What are bulk chemicals?
Chemicals produced on a large scale, eg ammonia, sulfuric acid.
What are fine chemicals?
Chemicals produced in much smaller quantities, eg pharmaceuticals (drugs), food additives, fragrances.
What do chemists do in the chemical industry?
They work to research and develop new chemical products and processes.
Why are there laws to regulate the chemical industry?
To ensure people’s safety; to reduce impacts on the environment; to ensure safe storage and safe transport of chemicals.
What are the reactants called in an industrial process?
The feedstocks.
What is the process of making the chemical?
Synthesis.
What are sustainable processes?
Sustainable processes use renewable feedstocks and do not damage the environment at any stage of the process.
What needs to be done with the products at the end of the process?
They need to be separated from waste and by-products.
How would purity of the product be maintained?
By regular checks.
A sustainable process will consider these factors…
use renewable feedstocks; finding other uses for by-products and waste; energy input, outputs and use of renewable energy; reducing the environmental impact of the process; Ensuring the health and safety of people; Social and economic benefits for people.
If a reaction has high atom economy it produces less?
waste.
If the reaction uses all the atoms the process has …… atom economy?
100%
What is atom economy?
The percentage mass of the atoms used in the final product.
An exothermic reaction gives out….
heat.
An endothermic reaction takes in…..
heat.
In an ……. reaction, reactants lose energy as they form products.
exothermic
In an ……. reaction, reactants gain energy as they form products.
endothermic
Energy levels can be shown on what type of diagram?
Energy level diagram.
What does activation energy look like on an energy level diagram?
A steep peak, with an arrow underneath.
What is the activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy needed to start the reaction.
What is the activation energy needed for?
To break the bonds to start a reaction.
If the activation energy is high, how would this affect the number of molecules that have the required energy?
There would be very few.
If the activation energy is low, how would this affect the number of molecules that have the required energy?
There would be many more molecules than when the activation energy is high.
What can be said about the rate of reaction of reactions with a high activation energy versus rate of reaction of reactions with a low activation energy?
Low activation energy reactions will usually be faster