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Microbiology and Parasitology > Fungivirus > Flashcards

Fungivirus Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic cells that lack chlorophyll. Thus they cannot generate energy through photosynthesis. They do require an aerobic environment.

A

Fungi

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2
Q

Unicellular growth form of fungi
+ can appear spherical to ellipsoidal

A

Yeast

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3
Q

When buds do not separate, they can form long chains of yeast cells, which are called pseudohyphae. It can reproduce by budding. Usually grown at body temperatures.

A

Yeast

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4
Q

Hyphae

A

Threadlike, branching, cylindrical, tubules composed of fungal cells attached end to end. These grow by extending in length from the tips of the tubules.

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5
Q

Other name for Molds

A

Mycelia

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6
Q

Molds

A

Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwined branching
hyphae.
+ can grow longitudinally and produce spores

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7
Q

The reproducing bodies of molds. Rarely seen in skin scrapings.

A

Spores

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8
Q

Dimorphic Fungi

A

Fungi that can grow as either a yeast or mold, depending on environmental conditions and temperature.

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9
Q

Fungi that live in and utilize organic matter (soil, rotten vegetation) as an energy source.

A

Saprophytes

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10
Q

Innermost Layer Around the fungal cytoplasm. It contains sterols which are also found in cell membranes of humans and mycoplasmas.

A

Cell Membrane

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11
Q

Ergosterol

A

essential sterol in fungi

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12
Q

Cholesterol

A

essential sterol in humans

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13
Q

Amphotericin B and nystatin

A

bind to ergosterol and punch holes in fungal cell membrane

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14
Q

ketoconazole

A

inhibits ergosterol synthesis

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15
Q

Surrounds the cell membrane of fungi composed mostly of carbohydrate with some proteins. Potent antigens to the human immune system.

A

Cell wall

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16
Q

Polysaccharide coating that surrounds the cell wall

A

capsule

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17
Q

an antiphagocytic virulence factor that is employed by Cryptococcus neoformans that can be visualized by India ink stain

A

Capsule

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18
Q

Examples of superficial fungus infections

A

Pityriasis vesicolor
tinea nigra

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19
Q

Superficial infections primary manifestations

A

pigment change of the skin

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20
Q

T/F. The symptoms of superficial infections are rashes, redness, and a wheal. A skin pigment change is also visible.

A

False. Only pigment change is noted.

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21
Q

Pityriasis vesicolor manifestations

A

multicolor

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22
Q

Tinea nigra manifestations

A

black color

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23
Q

A chronic superficial fungal infection which leads to hypopigmented or hyperpigmented patches on the skin.

A

Pityriasis vesicolor

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24
Q

Other name for pityriasis versicolor

A

tinea versicolor

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25
Q

Causative agent for Pityriais versicolor

A

Malassezia furfur

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26
Q

Sunlight exposure the skin around the patches will tan but the patches will remain white

A

Pityriasis versicolor

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27
Q

Superficial infection that causes dark brown to black painless patches on the soles of hands and feet

A

Tinea nigra

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28
Q

Causative agent for Tinea nigra

A

Exophiala werneckii

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29
Q

How to examine superficial infections of fungi?

A

examination of skin scrapings, mixed on a slide with potassium hydroxide

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30
Q

What does KOH on fungi reveal?

A

hyphae and spherical yeast as it digests nonfungal debris

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31
Q

Photo of Malessezia on microscope

A

Spaghetti (hyphae) with meatballs (spherical yeast)

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32
Q

How to treat superficial infections?

A

Imidazoles

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33
Q

a category of cutaneous fungal infections caused by more than 30 species of fungi

A

dermatophytoses

34
Q

where do dermatophytic fungi live in?

A

in the dead, horny layer of the skin, hair, and nails

35
Q

What do dermatophytoses secrete to digest keratin?

A

keratinase

36
Q

Manifestation of dermatophytoses

A

scaling of the skin, loss of hair, and crumbling of nails

37
Q

Most common types of dermatophytes

A

Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton

38
Q

Tinea corporis (body)

A

forms red ring shaped with a raised border - the border represents areas of active inflammation with a healing center

39
Q

Tinea corporis other name

A

ring worm

40
Q

Tinea cruris

A

patients develop itchy red patches on the groin and scrotum

41
Q

Tinea cruris other name

A

Jock itch

42
Q

Tinea pedis known as

A

athlete’s foot

43
Q

Athlete’s foot

A

commonly begins between
the toes, and causes cracking and peeling of the skin

44
Q

Tinea pedis infection requires

A

warmth and moisture

45
Q

condition primarily occurs in children, infecting organisms grow in the hair and scalp, this results to scaly red lesions with loss of hair

A

tinea capitis

46
Q

Tinea unguium also known as

A

onychomycosis

47
Q

nails are thickened, discolored, and brittle

A

tinea unguium

48
Q

How to diagnose dermatophyte infection?

A

Dissolving of skin scrapings in KOH. KOH then digests keratin

49
Q

What does microscopic infection of dermatophyte reveal?

A

Branched hyphae

50
Q

Other way to diagnose dermatophyte infection

A

Direct examination of hair and skin with Wood’s light (ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 365nm)

51
Q

Dermatophyte infection species microsporum

A

fluoresce a brilliant green

52
Q

First line of tx for dermatophytoses

A

topical Imidazole
skin should be kept dry and exposed to the drying effects of the air

53
Q

Tx for tinea capitis unguium and tinea capitis

A

oral griseofulvin

54
Q

MOA of Griseofulvin

A

It incorporates to newly synthesized keratin layers and inhibit growth of fungi. Skin fungi is only cleared after old keratin is replaced.

55
Q

Where can candida albicans infect to?

A

mouth (oral thrush)
groin (Diaper rash)
vagina (candida vaginits)

56
Q

What causes candida albicans to develop?

A

Steroid - inflammation - compromise immune system - develop candida albicans

57
Q

What can candida albicans also cause?

A

cause opportunistic systemic
infections

58
Q

How can subcutaneous fungal infections gain entrance to the body?

A

Trauma to skin

59
Q

T/F. Cutaneous protozoal infections usually remain localized to the subcutaneous tissue or spread along lymphatics to local nodes.

A

False. Subcutaneous fungal infections

60
Q

Sporothrix schenckii also known as

A

gardener’s disease

61
Q

Other name for sporothrix schenckii

A

Sporotrichosis

62
Q

What does the microscopic examination of sporotrichosis reveal?

A

Yeast cells that reproduce by budding

63
Q

Tx for sporothrix schenckii

A

Potassium iodide or amphotericin B

64
Q

Temperature at which Sporothrix schenckii reveals yeast culture

A

37 degrees celsius

65
Q

What does culture of sporothrix schenckii at 25 degrees reveal?

A

branching hyphae (dimorphism)

66
Q

Phialophora and
Cladosporium
(Chromoblastomycosis) are found on?

A

rotting wood

67
Q

How does chromblastomycosis act?

A
  1. Small violet wartlike lesion develops
  2. Over months to years, additional violete lesions arise
  3. Clusters resemble cauliflower
  4. If scraped with KOH reveal copper colored sclerotic bodies
68
Q

Tx of phialophora and cladosporium

A

Itraconazole and local excision

69
Q

Causative agents that cause systemic fungal infections

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitides
Coccidioides immitis

70
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitides
Coccidioides immitis

dimorphic or monomorphic fungi?

A

All 3 are dimorphic fungi.

71
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitides
Coccidioides immitis

Grows mycelial forms with spores in?

A

25°C on Sabouraud’s agar

72
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitides
Coccidioides immitis

Grow in yeast form on?

A

37°C on blood agar

73
Q

Mechanism of Systemic Fungal Disease

A

All 3 are acquired by inhalation.
Inhaled as a spore form
Never transmitted from person to person.
Spore - aerosolized from soil, bird droppings,or vegetation

74
Q

Systemic fungal disease cause disease in

A

lungs
skin
bones
meninges

75
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

Non encapsulated
present in bird and bat droppings,
outbreak of pneumonia occur when cleaning chicken coops or spelunking

76
Q

Blastomyces dermatitides

A

Isolated from soil and rotten wood
Rarest SFI
Rarely asymptomatic
Chronic disease leads to weight loss, night sweats, lung involvement, and skin ulcers

77
Q

Coccidioides immitis

A

cause mild pneumonia in normal persons
opportunistic infection in AIDS patients from that area

78
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcosis)

A

a polysaccharide yeast similar to histoplasma, blastomyces, coccidioides

79
Q

Cryptococcosis entry and symptoms

A

inhaled through lungs and infection is asymptomatic

80
Q

Cryptococcosis major manifestation

A

like meningoencephalitis

Microbiology and Parasitology (2 decks)

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