Fungi + Plants (Exam 4)

Question 1

viridiplantae

Answer 1

Green plants
1) green Algae
2) Land Plants

Question 2

Green Algae

Answer 2

Closest living relative of plants
evolution to terrestrial life occurred from green algae

Question 3

Land Plants

Answer 3

First organisms to live completely exposed to air
Transformed nature of earth

Question 4

Ecosystem

Answer 4

non-living physical components of environment
Atmosphere, precipitation, surface water, sunlight, soil, nutrients

Question 5

Viridiplantae provide

Answer 5

Oxygen
Build and hold soil
Moderate local climate

Question 6

Primary producers

Answer 6

Land Plants
Sun energy to chemical energy
Sugars in land plants support most organisms
Fix CO2

Question 7

Fungi

Answer 7

Most abundant and Diverse
Primary Decomposer
Symbiotic Relationships

Question 8

Primary Decomposer

Answer 8

CO2 Cycle
Fungi good at breaking down lignin

Question 9

Similarities in Green algae and Land plants

Answer 9

Chloroplasts (both contain and synthesize starch)
Thylakoids
Cell walls + sperm + peroxisomes all have similar struct

Question 10

Major Intervals of the plant fossil record

Answer 10

1) Origin of land Plants
2) Silurian-Devonian Explosion
3) Carboniferous Period
4) Diversification of gymnosperms
5) Diversification of Angiosperms

Question 11

Origin of Land Pants

Answer 11

• Cuticle
• Substance in close relation to Sporopollenin in Fossilized spores
• Spore producing structures (Sporangia)

Question 12

Silurian-Devonian Explosion

Answer 12

Adaptations to survive dryness of terrestrial habitats
- vasular tissue
- Roots
Colonized land with symbiotic Fungi

Question 13

The Carboniferous Period

Answer 13

Deposits of Coal Found
Carbon rich rocks with fossils of spores, branches, leaves, and tree trunks
Fossils derived from seedless vascular plants

Question 14

Diversification of Gymnosperms

Answer 14

Some major groups live today
1) Ginkgoes
2) Redwoods, Junipers, and yews
3) Pines, spruces, Firs
Grow readily in dry environments

Question 15

Diversification of Angiosperms

Answer 15

Plants produces First Flowers
Produce pollen grains (carry cels that become sperm)

Question 16

Adaptions needed for dry land

Answer 16

1) prevention of water loss
2) protections from UV radiation
3) Movement of water to tissues not in contact with soil

Question 17

Cuticle

Answer 17

Watertight sealent that covers plants
Keeps CO2 out of plant

Question 18

Stoma

Answer 18

Opening surrounded by Guard Cells
Pore opens and closes as guard cells change shape
Gas exchange occurs through pore

Question 19

Protection from UV

Answer 19

Developed UV-absorbing Compounds

Question 20

Origin of Vascular Tissue

Answer 20

Elongated cells as tissue along plant (water-conducting tissue)
Cell walls with thick lignin rings

Question 21

Tracheid

Answer 21

Thickened lignin-containing secondary cell wall
Pits in sides and ends of cell allow water to flow

Question 22

Vessel elements

Answer 22

Shorter and Wider than tracheid
gaps where both cell walls are missing

Question 23

Wood

Answer 23

made from Vessels and Tracheids

Question 24

Xylem collapse

Answer 24

Tensile force pushes conduit shut

Question 25

Cavitation

Answer 25

Air pulled in through pits causing conduit to fill with air

Question 26

Cavitation (cold temp)

Answer 26

Frozen water forms air bubbles that expand when thawed

Question 27

What does the Xylem rely on to pump water

Answer 27

Adhesive force or hydrogen bonds within water

Question 28

Adaptations for efficient plant reproduction

Answer 28

1) Sporopollenin 2) Gametes 3) Embryoe

Question 29

Sporopollenin

Answer 29

tough coat surrounding spores that resist drying

Question 30

Gametangia

Answer 30

Reproductive organs protected gametes from drying and physical harm in all land plants except angiosperm

Question 31

Antheridium

Answer 31

Sperm producing gametangia

Question 32

Archegonium

Answer 32

Egg producing gametangia

Question 33

Gametophyte

Answer 33

Haploid gives rise to gametes dominant in bryophytes

Question 34

Sporophyte

Answer 34

Diploid Gives rise to spores unique to land plants

Question 35

Alternation of Generations (steps)

Answer 35

1) Sporophyte 2) Spores 3) Gametophyte 4) Fertilization 5) Diploid sporophyte

Question 36

Alternation of Generations: Sporophyte

Answer 36

makes haploid spores by meiosis

Question 37

Alternation of Generations: Spores

Answer 37

Germinate develop into haploid gametes by mitosis

Question 38

Alternation of Generations: Gametophytes

Answer 38

Produce unicellular haploid gametes by mitosis

Question 39

Alternation of Generations: Fertilization

Answer 39

Two gametes unite from Diploid Zygote

Question 40

Alternation of Generations: Diploid Sporophyte

Answer 40

Developed from zygote division Mitosis

Question 41

Zygote

Answer 41

Single cell - divide via mitosis + forms multicellular individual Develop into sporophytes Diploid Result of fusion between two haploid cells (fermentation)

Question 42

Spores

Answer 42

Single cell - divide via mitosis + forms multicellular individual Develop into gametophytes Haploid Result of meiosis inside sporangia

Question 43

Gametes

Answer 43

produced from mitosis inside gametangia

Question 44

Non vascular sporophyte

Answer 44

small and short lived dependent on gametophyte for nutrition Gametophyte-dominant life cycle

Question 45

Ferns and Vascular sporophyte

Answer 45

much larger and longer lived Sporophyte-dominant life cycle

Question 46

Heterospory

Answer 46

production of two distinct spores by different strucutres Microsporangia and Megasporangia Gametophytes of seed plants are either male or female

Question 47

Microsporangia

Answer 47

produces microspores

Question 48

Microspores

Answer 48

Develop into male gametophytes and produce small gametes (sperm)

Question 49

Megasporangia

Answer 49

Produces megaspores

Question 50

Megaspores

Answer 50

develop into female gametophytes which produce large gametes (Eggs)

Question 51

Homosporous

Answer 51

Single type of spore produced Spores develop into bisexual gametophyte (sperm + egg) can self-fertilize and produce offspring