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fungal diversity > FUNGI AND TYPES > Flashcards

FUNGI AND TYPES Flashcards

1
Q

Origin of fungi

A
  • Although they were originally classified with
    photosynthetic plants, they were separated from these and grouped with the algae and protozoa (protista).
  • Later, scientists (mycologists) placed fungi in the
    Kingdom Mycota
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2
Q

Where were fungi originally classified with

A

They were classified with photosynthetic plants

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3
Q

WHAT ARE MYCOLOGISTS AND WHY DID THEY CLASSIFY FUNGI IN KINGDOM MYCOTA

A

Mycologists are scientists who study fungi. They are interested in the taxonomy, morphology, physiology, ecology, and genetics of fungi. Mycologists also study the uses of fungi in medicine, food production, and industry.Fungi were classified in the kingdom Mycota because they share a number of characteristics that distinguish them from other organisms. These characteristics include:

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4
Q

Do fungi lack CHLOROPHYLL

A

YES

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5
Q

DO FUNGI HAVE CELL WALLS

A

YES THEY HAVE CELL WALL MADE UP CHITIN MANNAN and B GLUCANS

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS PRESENT IN CELL WALL OF FUNGI

A

MANNAN CHITIN and B GLUCANS

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7
Q

wHAT IS GENERALLY THE ABSENT IN THE CELL WALL OF true fungi

A

CELLULOSE is genrally absent in cell wall of true fungi

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8
Q

In how many broad groups are fungi divided

A

fungi are divided into two broad groups

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9
Q

In what 2 broad groups are fungi divided

A

Fungi are divided into
-MICROSCOPIC FUNGI
-MACROSCOPIC FUNGI

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10
Q

wHAT are microscopic fungi

A

Microscopic fungi are fungi that are too small to be seen with the naked eye eg Moulds and Yeasts

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11
Q

The 2 main GROUPS of microscopic fungi

A

Microscopic fungi are classified into two main groups:

*Yeasts: Yeasts are single-celled fungi that reproduce by budding. They are often found in food and beverages, and they can also cause infections in humans and animals.

*Molds: Molds are multicellular fungi that form long, thread-like structures called hyphae. They are often found on food and other organic matter, and they can also cause infections in humans and animals.

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12
Q

what are macroscopic fungi

A

Macroscopic fungi are fungi that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. They can grow on a variety of substrates, including soil, wood, and food. Some macroscopic fungi are beneficial, while others can be harmful.

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13
Q

some examples of macroscopic fungi

A

Mushrooms,puffballs,jelly fungi

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14
Q

In what forms can these micro and macro fungi exist

A

They can exist as unicellular eg yeasts or multicellular forms which has several diffferent cell types

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15
Q

Structural forms of multicellular fungi

A

Multicellular fungi are primarily filamentous in their
growth form (i.e. their bodies consist of long, slender
filaments /numerous fine branching threads, called
hyphae which together form entangle mass called mycelium

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16
Q

What is HYPHAE

A

A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.

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17
Q

collection of hyphae is called

A

A collection of hyphae is called MYCELIUM

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18
Q

FUNCTIONS OF HYPHAE

A

Hyphae are responsible for the following functions in fungi:

*Absorption of nutrients: Hyphae absorb nutrients from the environment through their cell walls.
*Decomposition: Hyphae break down organic matter, releasing nutrients into the environment.
*Reproduction: Hyphae produce spores, which are the reproductive units of fungi.
*Attachment: Hyphae attach fungi to their substrate.

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19
Q

TYPES OF HYPHAE

A

There are two main types of hyphae
-SEPTATE
-ASEPTATE/NON SEPTATE/ COENOCYTIC

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20
Q

WHAT IS SEPTATE HYPHAE

A
  • Septate hyphae are made up of long chains of cells joined end-to-end and
    divided by cross-walls called septa which have pores.
    The septa rarely form a complete barrier, except when they separate the
    reproductive cells from vegetative form.
    Septate hyphae have septa, which means that the cytoplasm of the hyphae is divided into cells. Septate hyphae are found in most fungi, such as ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
21
Q

ANOTHER NAME FOR SEPTATE HYPHAE

A

It’s also called cellular hyphae or septate mycelium.

22
Q

What is ASEPTATE/NON SEPTATE/COENOCYTIC

A
  • Aseptate hyphae are continuous or branching filaments (tubes) filled with
    cytoplasm and multiple nuclei.
23
Q

DO ASEPTATE HYPHAE HAVE PORES

A

YES THEY HAVE PORES CALLED DOLIPORES,
These pores allow for the exchange of nutrients and genetic material between cells. The pores are typically small, but they are large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells.

The pores in aseptate hyphae are called dolipores. Dolipores are complex structures that consist of a central pore surrounded by a ring of material called the parenthesome

24
Q

do septate hyphae have pores

A

YES TheY HAVE , THE pores in septate hyphae are called SEPTAL PORES. Septal pores are typically simple, but they can be complex. Complex septal pores may have a parenthesome, which is a ring of material that surrounds the pore.
The parenthesome is thought to help to regulate the flow of material through the pore

25
Q

KEY NOTES

A

Cytoplasm flows freely throughout the hyphae, passing through major pores.
This cytoplasmic streaming carries synthesised proteins and other nutrients to
their actively growing tips. When these nutrients and water are abundant, and
temperature is optimum, fungal hyphae grow very rapidly

26
Q

HYPHAE ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON WHICH FEATURE

A

they are classified based on FUNCTIONS

27
Q

hOW ARE HYPHAE CLASSIFIED BASED ON FUNCTIONS

A

-VEGETATIVE HYPHAE
-AERIAL HYPHAE
-REPRODUCTIVE/FERTILE HYPHAE

28
Q

wHAT IS A VEGETATIVE HYPHAE

A

They grow as submerged or surface filaments which digest,absorb and distribute nutrients obtained from the substrate to other parts for growth and development.Vegetative hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth in most fungi. They are long, branching, thread-like structures that form a network called a mycelium. Vegetative hyphae are responsible for the absorption of nutrients, the decomposition of organic matter, and the reproduction of fungi.

29
Q

what is AERIAL HYPHAE

A

Aerial hyphae are a type of vegetative hyphae that grow above ground. They are typically long, thin, and branching, and they can be either septate or aseptate. Aerial hyphae are responsible for the reproduction of fungi, and they also play a role in the absorption of nutrients.
Aerial hyphae are often covered in a hydrophobic layer that helps to protect them from drying out. They may also have specialized structures that help them to disperse spores
They help to disperse spores, which allows the fungus to spread to new areas. Aerial hyphae can also help to absorb nutrients from the air, which can be a valuable source of food for some fungi.

30
Q

WHAT ARE REPRODUCTIVE/FERTILE HYPHAE

A

Reproductive/fertile hyphae are specialized hyphae that are responsible for the reproduction of fungi. They are typically longer and thicker than vegetative hyphae, and they may have specialized structures that help to produce spores.

31
Q

fungi nutrition

A

Fungi are heterotrophic organism ie NON PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS

32
Q

hOW DO FUNGI OBTAIN THEIR FOOD

A

fungi obtain their food by secreting digestive enzymes into the substrates on which they exist eg logs,litter etc

33
Q

what do digestive enzymes do to substrate on which fungi exist

A

These enzymes breakdown the complex molecules ( carbohydrates) in the substrate into simple organic molecules (sugars)

34
Q

Fungi live in their food

A

The fungi absorb these simple organic molecules as theit nutrients thus FUNGI ESSENTIALLY LIVE IN THEIR FOOD

35
Q

Fungi acquire nutrients by any of the following 3 means

A

-PARASITISM
-SAPROPHYTISM
-SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS

36
Q

WHAT IS PARASITISM

A

It’s basically obtaining nutrients from another living organism
(e.g. Phythophthora sp. being parasitic on cocoa plant)

37
Q

WHAT IS SAPROPHYTISM

A
  • absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter
    (e.g. Termitomyces sp. feeding on litter)
38
Q

WHAT IS SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS

A
  • where some fungi associate with other
    organisms, especially roots of higher plants and exchange
    nutrients (e.g. Boletus spp., Glomus, spp. associate with the
    roots to form structures called mycorrhizae through which the
    exchanges occur)
39
Q

HABITAT OF FUNGI

A

Fungi occur both (terrestrial) and in (aquatic-fresh water
and marine)

40
Q

WAYS THROUGH WHICH FUNGI REPRODUCES

A

Fungi reproduce
- sexually
-asexually
-vegetative(budding as seen in yeast)

41
Q

How do fungi reproduce sexually

A

Fungi reproduce sexually through plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis.

Plasmogamy is the fusion of two haploid cells, which results in the formation of a diploid cell.
Karyogamy is the fusion of the two haploid nuclei in the diploid cell, which results in the formation of a diploid nucleus.
Meiosis is the process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the diploid nucleus to the haploid number.
The products of meiosis, the haploid spores, are then dispersed and germinate to form new haploid fungi.

42
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually

A

through spore formation and budding

43
Q

how do fungi reproduce vegetatively

A

THROUGH BUDDING eg yeast

44
Q

SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FUNGI

A
  • Both sexual reproduction and
    asexual reproduction occur in fungi.
    Sexually by forming sexual spores
    and asexually by forming conidia or
    asexual spores
45
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • During asexual life cycle, spores
    settle on a substrate, develops an
    outgrowth known as germ tube
    which then elongate into a hypha.
    Through continued growth and
    branching, an extensive mycelium is
    produced
46
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A

During sexual life cycle, the haploid nuclei
of compatible hyphae fuse forming a
diploid nucleus (zygote) which
subsequently participates in sexual spore
development through meiosis.
NB:
1) Fungal cells spend most of their life cycle
in the haploid state hence their cells
already have a chromosome number
compatible for sexual union.
2) However, some species seem to have
either lost the capability for sexual
reproduction or do so only infrequentl

47
Q

FUNGAL CLASSIFICATION

A

THere are 4 MAIN GROUPS

48
Q

WHAT 4 MAIN GROUPS AREUSE TO CLASSIFY FUNGI

A

-CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
-ZYGOMYCOTA
-ASCOMYCOTA
-BASIDIOMYCOTA

49
Q

Asexual spores in fungi are also known as

A

Asexual spores produced on stalks, or conidiophores, are called conidia (singular conidium).

fungal diversity (1 decks)

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