Fungi and Plants

Question 1

Heterotroph

Answer 1

An organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients. ( animals, most bacteria, fungi)

Question 2

Autotroph

Answer 2

An organism that produces their own food for energy. Using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. ( plants, some bacteria, algae)

Question 3

Structure of Fungi

Answer 3

• It is a heterotroph
• Single celled or made of filaments.
• Cell walls (like plants) but contain more chitin ( like animals)
• No complex transport systems

Question 4

Chitin

Answer 4

• The most abundant aminopolysaccharide polymer occurring in nature.
• It is the building material that gives energy to the cell walls of fungi.

Question 5

Single- celled species

Answer 5

Occur in several taxonomic groups ( not monophyletic)

Question 6

Yeasts

Answer 6

Unicellular Fungi
( Ascomycota and Basidiomycota)

Question 7

How to tell the difference between Yeast and Bacteria?

Answer 7

• Bacteria are prokaryotes ( no membrane bound nucleus)
• Fungi are eukaryotes ( membrane bound nucleus)

Question 8

Mycelia

Answer 8

• Mycelium is made of hyphae; thin, long filaments ( high surface area)
• Can pack together to form mushrooms

Question 9

Hyphae

Answer 9

Usually separated by cross-cells ( septa), it has large pores that allow passage to nutrients, even nuclei.

Thin hyphae —–> Master absorbers

Question 10

Algae nutrition

Answer 10

Absorb food directly from surroundings ( heterotroph)

• Plants photosynthesize ( autotroph)
• Fungi secrete digestive enzyme externally:
  
  • Saprophytes ( eat dead stuff)
  • Symbients ( get fed by others, not always intentional)
• Fungal nutrition has had huge ecological and evolutionary impacts

Question 11

Impact of fungi nutrition

Answer 11

• Plant lignin and Cellulose are the most abundant molecules on earth.
• Fungi is the first and most efficient decomposer on lignin.
• It is one of very few organisms that can breakdown cellulose.

Question 12

Lichens

Answer 12

• Symbiosis: Fungi + Algae or Cyanobacteria
• 6% of the earth’s surface ( deserts, Tundra, Forests)
• Important in succession

Question 13

Myccorrhizae

Answer 13

Plant fungal symbiosis:

• 80% of vascular plants partner with fungi to get nutrients from the soil
• Hyphae massively increase the are of root system for absorption
• important for plant productivity and health

Question 14

Reproduction

Answer 14

• Many species reproduce in multiple ways, sometimes during both haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) phases:

1. Asexual
2. Sexual
3. Diverse

Question 15

Haploid (1n)

Answer 15

Single set of chromosomes in an organisms cells.
EGG AND SPERM

Question 16

Diploid (2n)

Answer 16

Sexually reproducing organisms ( 2 sets of chromosomes)

Question 17

1. Asexual

Answer 17

Fragmentation during haploid (1n) phase of vegetative spores.

Question 18

2. Sexual

Answer 18

• Compatible individuals (1n) fuse their mycelia, to initiate sexual cycle (plasmogamy)
• Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

Question 19

3. Dispersal

Answer 19

Fungi move between habitats by dispersing small spores through the atmosphere.

Spores:
- are tough and specialized for dispersal
- unlike hyphae they tolerate dry conditions
- some have ejection mechanisms ( puffballs)
- some use animal dispersers ( stick horns)

Question 20

Monophyletic Group

Answer 20

evolved from common ancestor and includes all descendants of that common ancestor

Question 21

Sister Groups

Answer 21

Two groups that split from common node

sharing a node means evolved from common ancestor

Question 22

Archaeplastids

Answer 22

Plantae and are photosynthesizers (not monophyletic)

Question 23

Photosynthesis

Answer 23

• Process that converts light energy into chemical energy
• Fixes carbon into organic form
• Produces oxygen

Question 24

Origin of photosynthesis

Answer 24

• Both photosystems evolved in bacteria
• All photosynthetic eukaryotes use chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Question 25

The capture of photosynthesis

Answer 25

- Endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts ( membrane bound organelle site of photosynthesis) - Eukaryotic chloroplast originated when eukaryote cell engulfed a cyanobacteria.

Question 26

Endosymbiotic origin of Chloroplasts

Answer 26

Similar to cyanobacteria and behave somewhat independently of cell: - replicate by fission, independently of cell division - manufacture their own proteins (autotroph) - have their own DNA, organized into circular molecules very similar to those in cyanobacteria. -peptidoglycan is cell of some chloroplasts --> chloroplasts have at least a double membrane --> Endosymbiotic cyanobacteria live in cells of some eukaryotes and animals

Question 27

peptidoglycan

Answer 27

Peptidoglycan is a rigid envelope surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacterial species

Question 28

The capture and spread of photosynthesis

Answer 28

- Endosymbiosis leading to chloroplasts first occurred in common ancestor plantae ( primary endosymbiosis) - Other groups acquired chloroplasts via secondary endosymbiosis

Question 29

Phytoplankton

Answer 29

- Single celled, free living photosynthetic organisms - 50% of global photosynthesis

Question 30

Photosynthetic Bacteria

Answer 30

Responsible for half of the oceans primary productivity

Question 31

Primary endosymbiosis

Answer 31

2 membranes archaeplastids

Question 32

Secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 32

more than 2 membranes

Question 33

Viridiplantae

Answer 33

- green plants - monophyletic group - including green algae and land plants

Question 34

Non vascular plants

Answer 34

Bryophytes/ earliest branching of land plants/ most ancient

Question 35

vascular plants

Answer 35

tracheophytes/ vascular tissue only evolved once

Question 36

Angiosperms

Answer 36

flowering plants

Question 37

seed plants

Answer 37

- angiosperms and gymnosperms - monophyletic - the seed evolved once

Question 38

Ancestors of the first land plants

Answer 38

= BRYOPHYTES - no vascular tissue - no true roots - absorb nutrients and water through their leaves - no stomata

Question 39

stomata

Answer 39

Epidermal cell regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control water loss by changing the size of stomata pore

Question 40

Mitosis

Answer 40

one cell division creates 2 identical daughter

Question 41

meiosis

Answer 41

2 divisions 4 cells with half the genetic material

Question 42

Bryophytes: reproduction

Answer 42

- Gametophyte phase dominant: ---> unisexual ( each gametophyte is either male or female) ----> bisexual ( each gametophyte can prduce both female and male) - need water for reproduction

Question 43

sphagnum moss

Answer 43

a genus of moss

Question 44

desiccation

Answer 44

removal or loss of moisture