Fungi Additional

Question 1

Cryptococcus gattii

Answer 1

Disseminated infection in severely immunocompromised host

Question 2

Candida oncomychosis infection in

Answer 2

Nails and hyphae will extend down the bed of the nail

Question 3

Candida auris causes

Answer 3

UTI

And it is usually multi drug resistant

Question 4

Crypto coccus neoformans causes

Answer 4

Pulmonary cryptococcus meningitis —> common in AIDS patient

Question 5

When is ascospores formed in ascus?

Answer 5

Under optimal condition

Question 6

Candida tropicalis causes

Answer 6

Vaginal infection

Question 7

Candida albicans causes ….

Answer 7

Oral infection

Question 8

What is basidiomycetes ?

Answer 8

Any of a group of higher fungi that have septate hyphae and spores borne on a basidium

Question 9

Explain about chronic mucocutaneous candida infection !

Answer 9

Can arise in individual with an unusual combination of endocrine and immune dysfunction (APECED—> autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy)
T cells dysfunction

Question 10

Candida parapsilosis causes

Answer 10

Oesophagal infection

Question 11

Aspergillus fumigatus

Answer 11

Infects by inhalation of candida which germinate to hyphae in the lung tissue
It is also angioinvasive —> invades cell wall of blood vessels

Question 12

Candida balanitis is infection in

Answer 12

Penis

Question 13

What is asci ?

Answer 13

Special elongated cells or sacs in which spores mature in

Question 14

Candida krusei causes

Answer 14

Nail infection

Question 15

Name different types of lifesaving antifungals and where they work

Answer 15

• echinocandins : target wall
• polyenes: target membrane
• triazoles and allylamines : targets sterol
• flucytosine : targets DNA synthesis

Question 16

Candida intertigo causes infection in

Answer 16

Between fingers

Question 17

What is pleomorphism?

Answer 17

The occurrence of more than one form on naturally occurring object

Question 18

Types of disease associated with aspergillus spp

Answer 18

• simple asthma
• asthma with eosinophilia
• aspergilloma
• invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
• Disseminated aspergillosis

Question 19

Candida glabrata causes

Answer 19

Skin infection

Question 20

Problems with antifungals

Answer 20

• spectrum of activity static or Vidal
• IV vs Oral
• Toxicity
• resistance
• cost

Question 21

Examples and mode of application of different antifungal agent

Answer 21

A. Polyenes:
- amphotericin B (IV, topical,lozenge, ointment, oral suspension)
- Nystatin (oral, topical, pastille, suspension )
B. Azoles:
- topicals : clotrimazole, miconazole, etc
- oral and / or IV: fluconazole
- oral: posaconazole

C. Echinocandins :
- anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin

Question 22

Diagnostic method for fungal infection

Answer 22

A. Direct detection :
- histopathology
- high resolution CT scan
B. Direct smear
- Calcofluor white stain which will result in different colour depending on the PH changes in pathogens (for candida)
C. Medical mycology:
- direct detection —> histophatology and CT scan
- detection of circulating fungal antigens
- detection of circulating antibodies to fungi
- PCR for fungal DNA
- culture of fungus from normally sterile site