fungi

Question 1

fungi

Answer 1

essential for the ecosystem. extremely diverse and widespread.

Question 2

number of species of fungi

Answer 2

100K described, 1.5 million undiscovered

Question 3

fungi nutrition

Answer 3

heterotrophic. feed by absorption. spores land on food and digest it

Question 4

key to fungi ecological success

Answer 4

enzyme versatility

Question 5

fungi lifestyles

Answer 5

decomposers, parasites, mutualistic symbionts

Question 6

decomposer

Answer 6

breaks down and absorbs nutrients from non-living organisms.

Question 7

parasites

Answer 7

negative type of symbiotic relationship. parasite wins, the host loses. absorb nutrients from living host. causes fungal disease. 80% of plant diseases are fungal

Question 8

mutualistic symbionts

Answer 8

fungus and host win. swap nutrients. reciprocal interaction.

Question 9

body structures

Answer 9

the majority are multicellular filamentous, some are unicellular

Question 10

yeast

Answer 10

single-celled fungi. least common morphology. live in moist environments

Question 11

filamentous

Answer 11

white fuzzy stuff. multicellular vegetative body. morphology enhances the ability to absorb nutrients- it’s flat and increases surface area.

Question 12

filament

Answer 12

hyphae

Question 13

mycelium

Answer 13

an interwoven mat of hyphae

Question 14

cell wall

Answer 14

made of chitin, keeps the cells from exploding water

Question 15

reproductive structures

Answer 15

only present at certain times

Question 16

septate hyphae

Answer 16

hyphae contain septa, there is division. multicellular type of organism. pores between cell walls that allow nutrients to transfer.

Question 17

coenocytic hyphae

Answer 17

one big cytoplasm, no separation. lots of nuclei everywhere. single-celled organism. dynamic

Question 18

mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 18

win-win situation. mutualism between fungi and plants. fungi provide the minerals, plants provide the organic nutrients.

Question 19

ectomycorrhizal fungi

Answer 19

the fungus is on the outside of the root and goes in between the cells. forms sheets of hyphae over the roots, does not penetrate the epidermal cell. grows between the extracellular spaces. looks like white fuzzy stuff.

Question 20

arbuscular fungi

Answer 20

most common. hyphae puncture into the epidermal cell of the root, doesn’t harm it. branching hyphae penetrate the cell wall. associated with the internal cytoplasm. resembles motor endplates in animals.

Question 21

reproduction

Answer 21

produce spores to propagate themselves

Question 22

sexual

Answer 22

the diploid zygote state is transitional. the fusion of hyphae from different mating types (positive or negative). signal each other through pheromones, avoid the same mating types. fungi can avoid their own mating types to increase genetic diversity.

Question 23

plasmogamy

Answer 23

the fusion of the cytoplasm of 2 hyphae of different mating types.

Question 24

heterokaryon

Answer 24

2 separate haploid nuclei

Question 25

dikaryon stage

Answer 25

delay in the fusion of nuclei

Question 26

karyogamy

Answer 26

the fusion of the 2 nuclei. sexual reproduction. forms the diploid zygote. the part that increases genetic variation.

Question 27

zygote undergoes meiosis

Answer 27

formation and release of haploid spores. spores then make new mycelium, mycelium can produce fruiting bodies or mate with another hypha.

Question 28

asexual reproduction

Answer 28

in the haploid state, the sporangia produce haploid spores. spores are released into the environment and make the next mycelia

Question 29

yeast

Answer 29

only asexual reproduction: budding or simple cell division

Question 30

fungi ancestor

Answer 30

aquatic single-celled flagellate protist

Question 31

opisthokonts

Answer 31

protists, fungi & animals

Question 32

order of colonization

Answer 32

prokaryote (cyanobacteria), algae, fungi

Question 33

sym genes

Answer 33

specialized genes in plants that have been conserved for hundreds of millions of years that allow plants to form a mycorrhizal association with fungi without being harmed

Question 34

5 major fungi groups

Answer 34

chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes

Question 35

chytrids

Answer 35

1,000 species. Basal fungi, everybody else went a different direction. sister taxa to all other fungi. maintained the flagellate state: spores swim, called zoospores. the flagellate stage has to be in water or moist soil. parasites, mutualists, decomposers