Fungi Flashcards
Fungi
- Ubiquitous in the environment
- ___ms
- ___
- ___
- Used frequently in food and pharmacy applications
- Some are are considered ____ - but ____
- Very ___ species in human flora
- Candida albicans (___) • Oral • Gut • Vaginal • ___ unless something happens with the host
Fungi • Ubiquitous in the environment • Mushrooms • Mold • Yeast • Used frequently in food and pharmacy applications • Some are are considered microbes - but eukaryotic • Very few species in human flora • Candida albicans (yeast) • Oral • Gut • Vaginal • Commensal unless something happens with the host
Fungi→ Molds and Yeast
Mold and Yeast are ____
Both are microscopic ____ ___ organisms
- Molds make ___ ___
- Yeast are ___→___ in shape
Fungi→ Molds and Yeast Mold and Yeast are Microbes Both are microscopic single celled organisms • Molds make filamentous hyphae • Yeast are cellular→circular in shape
Helpful Fungi
- Food and Pharmacy
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae: (__ ___t) • Helps yeast rise • Yeast fermentation of sugar forms ____• Yeast break down glucose and make CO2
- They also release____ so used to make beer and wine
- Penicillin is byproduct of ____
- ____ needs fungi • Penicillium roquefortii • Penicillium camenbertii
Helpful Fungi • Food and Pharmacy • Saccharomyces cerevisiae: (Bakers yeast) • Helps yeast rise • Yeast fermentation of sugar forms CO2 • Yeast break down glucose and make CO2 • They also release ethanol so used to make beer and wine • Penicillin is byproduct of penicillium • Cheese needs fungi • Penicillium roquefortii • Penicillium camenbertii
Environmental Molds & Fungi
Eating dead organic matter (_____) in moist dark areas.
Environmental Molds & Fungi Eating dead organic matter (saprophytes) in moist dark areas.
Candida albicans – “a fungus among us”
- A resident of all ___ ___ and __ ___
- Candidiasis • “Thrush” • Mold and fungus is everyehere
- They are ____ so only eat __ ___
- Like ___, ____ areas
- Very rare to get fungal infection from ____ • If you do, you generally have a ___ ___
- Candida albicans is a ___
- Tiny granules are bacteria, longer forms are candida.
- Candida is ____
Can be in ___ form or ___ form and can switch back and forth
Candida albicans – “a fungus among us” • A resident of all mucosal surfaces and dental plaque • Candidiasis • “Thrush” • Mold and fungus is everyehere • They are sachrophytes so only eat dead material • Like moisture, dark areas • Very rare to get fungal infection from environment. • If you do, you generally have a health issue • Candida albicans is a yeast • Tiny granules are bacteria, longer forms are candida. • Candida is dymorphic. Can be in yeast form or hyphae form and can switch back and forth
What does “Candida albicans” mean?
- Candidas→___ • Candidate for office wears white toga
- Candid→ __ and ___
- When you grow them in lab, you have large ___e colony formed
- Albicans is from alba which also means ___
What does “Candida albicans” mean? • Candidas→White • Candidate for office wears white toga • Candid→ pure and honest • When you grow them in lab, you have large white colony formed • Albicans is from alba which also means white!
Fungi are eukaryotes
- Nucleus
- __ __ ___
- Transcription-translation is ____
- Membrane-bound organelles
- E____ ____ ____
- Molecular biology
- ____ _____
Idealized yeast cell
Candida is ___
All of rules that apply to our cells, apply here
DNA poly and ribosomes are similar to ours
Can’t use Ab to treat candida albican infection.
Fungi are eukaryotes • Nucleus • Membrane-bound DNA • Transcription-translation is separate • Membrane-bound organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi • Mitochondria • Molecular biology • DNA polymerases • Ribosomes Idealized yeast cell Candida is eukaryote! All of rules that apply to our cells, apply here DNA poly and ribosomes are similar to ours Can’t use Ab to treat candida albican infection.
Yeasts have a cell wall
Yeast have a cell wall
- bacteria have a cell wall
- plants have a cell wall
- mammalian cells __ ___
Some yeast have a ____
- Candida__ __
- Cryptococcus neoformans
Not made of __ ___or made by___ ___s as bacteria
Candida does not have a capsule,___ or ___
Only unique for its __ ___l and composition of its ____
Candida cell wall
More like insects because has___ and ___ in it
Yeasts have a cell wall Yeast have a cell wall • bacteria have a cell wall • plants have a cell wall • mammalian cells do not Some yeast have a capsule • Candida does not • Cryptococcus neoformans Not made of same components or made by same enzymes as bacteria Candida does not have a capsule, cilia or flagella Only unique for its cell wall and composition of its membrane Candida cell wall More like insects because has chitin and glucans in it
Fungal Cell Wall and Membrane
___d cell wall • ___ • ____ • ___
Cell membrane • _____* instead of cholesterol
Wall and Membrane common targets for anti-fungal drugs
• Most target the ___ though
Fungal Cell Wall and Membrane Rigid cell wall • glucans • mannoproteins • chitin Cell membrane • ergosterol* instead of cholesterol Wall and Membrane common targets for anti-fungal drugs • Most target the membrane though
Common Anti-fungals
Amphotericin B • Binds to _____ in fungal membranes • Disrupts membrane____ • Given by___ for systemic infections ▪____ tolerated (Ampho-terrible) • Given as____ for topical treatment • Use topically or via IV For really bad infections, do IV in hospital • AKA aphoterrible bc it can cross react with our proteins→ make you feel awful • Lozenge: drop that they can put in there mouth that they can suck on for oral infections
Nystatin* • Binds to ____ in fungal membranes • Applied t____y as ____t or __ ___
* Oral suspension: Liquid that they swish
• Fluconazole and Miconazole* • Inhibits ___ ___ • Applied ____y as an ___ ___/___* or oral ____ • Fluconazole can also be given ____ by ____
Common Anti-fungals Amphotericin B • Binds to ergosterol in fungal membranes • Disrupts membrane structure • Given by IV for systemic infections ▪ Poorly tolerated (Ampho-terrible) • Given as lozenge for topical treatment • Use topically or via IV For really bad infections, do IV in hospital • AKA aphoterrible bc it can cross react with our proteins→ make you feel awful • Lozenge: drop that they can put in there mouth that they can suck on for oral infections Nystatin* • Binds to ergosterol in fungal membranes • Applied topically as ointment or oral suspension* Oral suspension: Liquid that they swish • Fluconazole and Miconazole* • Inhibits ergosterol synthesis • Applied topically as an oral gel/cream* or oral suspension • Fluconazole can also be given systemically by tablet
Fungal Morphology
Fungi may exist in two morphologic forms
- ____—____
- ____—develop elongated __ ___ called ___
▪ Mass of hyphae is a ____
▪ ___
▪ Dimorphic fungi can exist in ____morphology
Candida albicans is ___
Bakers yeast- Saccharomyces
Candida is interesting bc technically we consider a yeast. o Typical round cell with nucleus o Unicellular o ____ than bacteria
Sometimes you can have branched fillaments called hyphae. Candida mainly grows as ____ but can from hyphae Called dimorphic When in yeast form, it’s a bett___ ____r an____
Hyphal form→ more ____
Fungal Morphology Fungi may exist in two morphologic forms • Unicellular—yeasts • Multicellular—develop elongated branched filaments called hyphae ▪ Mass of hyphae is a mycelium ▪ Molds ▪ Dimorphic fungi can exist in either morphology Candida albicans is dimorphic Bakers yeast- Saccharomyces Candida is interesting bc technically we consider a yeast. o Typical round cell with nucleus o Unicellular o Bigger than bacteria Sometimes you can have branched fillaments called hyphae. Candida mainly grows as yeast but can from hyphae Called dimorphic When in yeast form, it’s a better biofilm former and colonizer Hyphal form→ more pathogenic.
Types of Hyphae
- ___ Hyphae o Formed for ___. o Yeast can have ___al or ____reproduction (use hyphae like pillus in bacteria)
- ____ o Looks more like a ___. • Long branching structures o Seen when ____ and ____host tissue o Hyphae grow down into mucosal surfaces
Types of Hyphae • True Hyphae o Formed for sex. o Yeast can have assexual or sexual reproduction (use hyphae like pillus in bacteria) • Pseudohyphae o Looks more like a fungus. • Long branching structures o Seen when pathogenic and invading host tissue o Hyphae grow down into mucosal surfaces
Yeast vs Germ Tube vs Pseudohyphae
All of these are candida
- ____ yeast: clonal, asexual reprotduction
- Psudohypahae: Pseudo have ___ __ ___ in between the structures
- Can also make ____ that will spread in environ
- True hyphae: form a __ ___ and are ___ continuous cell that’s not divided up
Yeast vs Germ Tube vs Pseudohyphae All of these are candida • Buddingy yeast: clonal, asexual reprotduction • Psudohypahae: Pseudo have cell wall dividers in between the structures • Can also make spores that will spread in environ • True hyphae: form a germ tube and are one continuous cell that’s not divided up
Cell Morphology linked to reproduction, pathogenicity
- “Budding”Yeast o ____ division
- Pseudo-hyphae o __ ___ reproduction o Tissue____
- Germ tubes / True Hyphae o____ reproduction
Cell Morphology linked to reproduction, pathogenicity • “Budding”Yeast o Asexual division • Pseudo-hyphae o Spore-forming reproduction o Tissue invasion • Germ tubes / True Hyphae o Sexual reproduction
Candida morphology in vivo Both hyphae make it hard to be_____
Candida morphology in vivo Both hyphae make it hard to be phagocytized