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Fungi > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Candida Albicans

A

Germ tube positive

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2
Q

Candida spp.

A 
Budding yeast, pseudohyphae, hyphae
reverse dimorphism (nature: yeast, tissues: filamentous/yeast)
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3
Q

Aspergillus

A

infectious pneumonia

Septated, dichotomously branching hyphae

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4
Q

Zygomycetes

A

Non-septated
Medical emergency
produce Sporangiospores (asexual spore)

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5
Q

encapsulated fungi

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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6
Q

Polymorphisms in what 3 PRR increase risk of which fungal infections

A

TLR4: candidiasis, asperguillus
MBL2: Candidiasis
DECTIN-1: candidiasis

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7
Q

Budding yeast

A

Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis

Blastomycosis
Sporotrichosis

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8
Q

Hyphae Fungi

A

Asperguillus, Dermatophytosis, Zygomycosis

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9
Q

Both yeast and Hyphae

A

Candidasis and Tinea Versicolor

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10
Q

Spherule

A

Coccidioidomycosis

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11
Q

PAS Test

A

Periodic Acid-Schiff

stains polysaccharide cell wall

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12
Q

GMS Test

A

Gomorri’s Methenamine Silver

Stains cell wall silver

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13
Q

Fontana Masson Test

A

Stains melanin in cell wall of some fungi

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14
Q

Mucicarmine or Alcian Blue

A

Stain capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans

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15
Q

Superficial Fungal infection

A

Tinea Versicolor

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16
Q

Mucocutaneous fungal infection

A

Dermatophytosis and mucocutaneous candidiasis

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17
Q

Subcutaneous Fungal Infections

A

Chromoblastomycosis
Mycetoma
Sporotrichosis

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18
Q

lymphocutaneous distribution

A

Sporotrichosis

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19
Q

3 Dermatophytes that cause cutaneous fungal infections

A

Trichophyton spp
Microsporum spp
Epidermophyton Floccosum

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20
Q

Ectothrix Invasion

A

arthroconidia form outside the hair shaft, cuticle is destroyed
Microsporum canis
Microsporum gypseum
Trichotyphoton equinumi

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21
Q

Endothrix invasion

A

Arthroconidia form inside the hair shaft, cuticle is intact
Trichophyton tonsurans
Trichophyton violaceum
could be irreversible alopecia

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22
Q

Which tinea can Trichophyton be?

A

Any Tinea

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23
Q

Which Tinea can Microsporum be?

A

any tinea EXCEPT tinea unguium (nails)

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24
Q

Which tinea is most common with Epidermophyton floccosum?

A

Tinea cruris (groin)

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25
Q

What is the most common cause of Tinea Pedis in the US?

What is the most common cause of Tinea pedis worldwide?

A
  1. Trichophyton rubrum

2 Microsporum canis

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26
Q

What immune response cause Dermatophyte inflammation

A

Cell-mediated immune response (lymphocytes)

NOT neutrophils

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27
Q

What is used for laboratory diagnosis of superficial and cutaneous fungi?

A

KOH- used to dissolve Keratin
Calcofluor preparation- stains chitin in cell wall of fungi with fluorescent dye
Culture
Biopsy

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28
Q

What is the most common cause of Tinea capitis

A

Trichophyton Tonsurans

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29
Q

Treatment options for Tinea pedis, manuum, corporis, cruris?

A

Topical: clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, terbinifine

oral treatment if more extensive, severe, recalcitrant

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30
Q

Treatment options for Tinea capitis?

A

Oral antifungals:

Topical to reduce spreading- Ketoconazole shampoo or Selenium sulfide shampoo

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31
Q

3 forms of Onychomycosis

A

Proximal Subungual Oncy. (PSO)- occurs in immunocompromised hosts and early indicator of HIV infection. infection of cuticle and spreads distally

DSO- most common type, often caused by T. rubrum, infection distally and spread proximally

WSO (White superficial): rare, fungus attacks dorsal surface of nail plate, minimal inflammation

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32
Q

Treatment for Onychomycosis?

A

Oral therapy: Griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole,

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33
Q

What is Tinea Versicolor?
what is the yeast that causes it?
what does it look like histologically?
Treatment?

A

superficial mycotic infection of upper chest, neck, arms
caused by Malassezia furfur
Spaghetti and meatball appearance= hyphae, budding yeast
Topical treatment

34
Q

What are the 3 opportunistic infections associated with decrease T cell function?

A

Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Pneumocystosis

35
Q

What are the 3 opportunistic infections associated with neutropenia (altered phagocytic activity)?

A

Invasive Candidiasis
Asperguillosis
Zygomycosis

36
Q

Risk factors for Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

A 
Altered cell mediated immunity (T cell function)
HIV/Diabetes
pregnancy
age
steroids
antibacterial antibiotics
37
Q

Features of Mucosal Candida?

Features of Cutaneous Candida?

A

Mucosal: white pseudomembranous plaque
Cutaneous: erythematous, scalded lesion with satellite lesions, usually intertriginous (area where 2 skin surfaces rub)

38
Q

Key histological features of Candida?

A

Hyphae, Pseudo-hyphae, budding yeast

39
Q

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

A

Inherited disorder of T cell immunity to Candida
autosomal recessive
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy candidosis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)

40
Q

Mucocutaneous Candidiasis treatment

A

Topical: Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Nystatin
Oral: Fluconazole
IV: Echinocardin (more severe cases)

41
Q

Risk factors for Invasive Candidiasis

A 
Altered barriers- vascular, urinary catheters, burns, trauma
neutropenia
transplant patients (BMT
hemodialysis
surgical patients
42
Q

Which 2 fungi are angioinvasive?

A

Asperguillus

Zygomycetes

43
Q

Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis (Candidemia)?

A

IV Echinocardins- ideal
OR
IV AmpB or oral Fluconazole

44
Q

Risk factors for Invasive Asperguillus (Pulmonary)

A

Neutrophil defect: neutropenia or altered neutrophil function
Chronic granulomatous disease (CDG)
BMT
high dose steroids

45
Q

Asperguillus Pathology

A

Angular Dichotomous branching (acute angles) setptated hyphae

angioinvasion- hyphal invasion of lung parenchema and blood vessels, occlusion of blood vessels with necrosis of tissue

46
Q

Asperguillus Radiological Evaluations of lungs

A

Halo Signs: zone of infarction surrounded by a zone of ischemia
Crescent sign- infection being cleared up by macrophages

47
Q

Invasive Asperguillus Treatment

A

Voriconazole - treatment of choice

If pt has hepatic injury, use Amphoteracin B

48
Q

What is the most common Zygomycosis?

A

Rhizopus

49
Q

What is the most common form of zygomycosis disease? In which patient population is it often seen in?

A

Rhinocerebral zygomycosis

Diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis

50
Q

What is the 2nd most common form of zygomycosis infection? In which patient population is it seen in most?

A

Pulmonary Zygomycosis

Neutropenic patients

51
Q

Pathology of Zygomycosis?

A

Wide Hyphae, nonseptated, infrequently branched at right angles
invasion of blood vessel walls and nerves

52
Q

What fungus has sporangiophores?

A

Zygomycetes

53
Q

Treatment of Invasive Zygomycosis?

A

Amphoterecin B

54
Q

Description of Cryptococcosis?

A

opportunistic infection
caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
encapsulated yeast
often causing meningioencephalitis

55
Q

What are the 3 common clinical diseases associated with Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

Pulmonary
CNS- meningioencephalitis
Disseminated

56
Q

Who are most suseptible to getting a cryptococcosis infection?

A

T Cell compromised patients

high dose steroids, immunosuppressants, HIV

57
Q

Treatment of CNS Cryptococcosis?

A

Amphoteracin B and 5-FC (initial therapy)

Fluconazole (maintenance)

58
Q

What is Pneumocystosis?

What are the symptoms?

A

an opportunistic pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii
diffuse alveolar infiltrate
fever, dyspnea, non-productive cough

59
Q

Treatment of Pneumocystosis?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

60
Q

What are the 4 fungi that are pathogenic?

A

Histoplasma Capsulatum
Cocidioides immitis
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

61
Q

What group of people are at increased risk of histoplasmosis?

A

T-cell compromised patients

neutrophils play no role against Histoplasma

62
Q

Histoplasma mimics which other disease?

A

TB
Xray looks the same as TB
will have multinucleate giant cells in a granuloma

63
Q

What does pathology look like for Histoplasma?

A

chronic inflammation, granuloma with giants cells

Caseous necrosis

64
Q

Pathogenesis of Hisoplasmosis?

A

inhalation of asexual spores
phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, but not killed
replication in phagolyosome
Intracellular budding yeast cells** (only fungi with intracellular yeast)
either formation of granuloma or dissemination to visceral organs depending on host immune response

65
Q

What is the only intracellular budding yeast?

A

Histoplasma

66
Q

Treatment of histoplasmosis

A

Itraconazole (mild to moderate)

AmB for severe disease

67
Q

What special polysaccharide is in the capsule of C. neoformans?

A

Glucuronoxylomannan

68
Q

What are examples of ascomycetes?

A

Dermatophytes

Histoplasma capsulatum

69
Q

What are examples of basidiomycetes?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

70
Q

What is an example of deuteromycetes?

A

Many candida spp.

71
Q

What is a common early indicator of HIV infection or other immune impairment?

A

PSO- proximal subungual onychomycosis

72
Q

Treatment of Tinea Versicolor infection?

A

Ketoconazole or selenium sulfide shampoo to wash skin

Single dose of itraconazole or terbinifine

73
Q

What is the most common anthropophic species of dermatophytes?

A

T. Tonsurans

74
Q

What is an indication that a patient has candidemia rather than bacteremia?

A

Fever that is unresponsive to antibacterial antibiotics

75
Q

Where is Histoplasma Capsulatum found?

A

soil and caves enriched with bat and bird feces
Ohio Mississippi River Valley
some parts of Maryland

76
Q

Where is Coccidiodies Immitis Found?

A

Dessert soil of SW USA

Sonoran valley climates of Latin America

77
Q

Where is Blastocymces dermatitidis found?

A

in associated with water in north central and SE USA

78
Q

Where is Paracoccidioides brasiliensis found?

A

South America,especially Brazil and Columbia

79
Q

What are the characteristic structures of Coccidioides immitis?

A

Arthrocondia- in the environment, hyphal form, transmissible/infectious/what we inhale

Spherules- in tissues, contain endospores, not infectious

80
Q

Majocchi’s Granuloma

A

Variant of Tinea Corporis
follicles are disrupted and the fungus gets deeper in the dermis
common type: T. rubrum

81
Q

What is the most common cause of Sporotrichosis?

A

Sporothrix schenkii

82
Q

Classical history of rose gardening?

A

Sporothrichosis

Fungi (1 decks)

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