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Fungi Flashcards

Chapter 24 of the Book

1
Q

What are fungi more closely related to?

A

Animals

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2
Q

Are fungi capable of photosynthesis?

A

No

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3
Q

How do fungi obtain their energy and carbon?

A

They are heterotrophic and use complex organic compounds

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4
Q

What is the composition of fungi’s cell walls?

A

Chitin

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5
Q

What pigment do fungi produce that is also found in animals?

A

Melanin

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6
Q

How do fungi store carbohydrates?

A

As glycogen

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7
Q

How do fungi absorb nutrients?

A

Across the cell surface

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8
Q

What role do fungi play in the ecosystem?

A

Decomposers

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9
Q

Fungi help recycle nutrients by breaking down organic materials into _______.

A

Simple molecules

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10
Q

What unique trait do fungi share with animals regarding their cell structure?

A

The presence of chitin in cell walls

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11
Q

What type of reproduction can some fungal organisms undergo?

A

Some fungi multiply only asexually, whereas others undergo both asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

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12
Q

What do most fungi produce?

A

Most fungi produce a large number of spores

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13
Q

What are spores in fungi?

A

Spores are haploid cells that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular, haploid individuals

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Most fungi produce a large number of _______.

A

[spores]

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15
Q

True or False: All fungi only reproduce asexually.

A

False

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16
Q

What are the two types of reproduction that some fungi undergo?

A

Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Spores in fungi are _______ cells.

A

[haploid]

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18
Q

What process do haploid spores undergo to form multicellular individuals?

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

What type of relationships do fungi often form with other organisms?

A

Beneficial or mutualistic associations

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20
Q

What is a common symbiotic relationship that terrestrial plants form?

A

Symbiotic relationships with fungi

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21
Q

What do the roots of the plant connect with in a mycorrhizal relationship?

A

Underground parts of the fungus

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22
Q

What is formed through the association of plant roots and fungi?

A

Mycorrhizae

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23
Q

What do fungi and plants exchange through mycorrhizae?

A

Nutrients and water

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24
Q

What greatly aids the survival of both the fungus and the plant?

A

Mycorrhizal association

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25
What is a lichen?
An association between a fungus and its photosynthetic partner (usually an alga)
26
What type of infections do fungi cause?
Serious infections in plants and animals ## Footnote Fungi can lead to various diseases affecting the health of both plant and animal life.
27
Why are fungal infections challenging to treat in humans?
Fungal infections are challenging to treat because fungi do not respond to traditional antibiotic therapy.
28
What type of organisms are fungi classified as?
Fungi are classified as eukaryotes.
29
Who is at higher risk for deadly fungal infections?
Individuals with compromised immune systems are at higher risk for deadly fungal infections.
30
What are fungi the source of?
Many commercial enzymes and antibiotics ## Footnote Fungi play a significant role in biotechnology and medicine.
31
How are fungi similar to plants?
They are mostly sessile and possess a stem-like structure ## Footnote This similarity helps in understanding their ecological roles.
32
What is the root-like structure of fungi called?
Fungal mycelium ## Footnote Mycelium is crucial for nutrient absorption and growth.
33
What is mycology?
The scientific study of fungi ## Footnote Mycology encompasses the classification, genetics, and ecology of fungi.
34
Under current systematic phylogenies, how are fungi classified?
As a polyphyletic group of organisms ## Footnote This means they share characteristics rather than a single common ancestor.
35
What type of cells are fungal cells classified as?
Eukaryotes ## Footnote Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes.
36
What is contained within the membrane-bound nucleus of fungal cells?
DNA wrapped around histone proteins ## Footnote This structure is similar to that found in other eukaryotic cells.
37
Do fungi have any genomic structures similar to bacteria?
Yes, some fungi have accessory genomic structures comparable to bacterial plasmids ## Footnote Plasmids are loops of DNA that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
38
Is horizontal gene transfer common in fungi?
No, horizontal transfer of genetic information rarely occurs in fungi ## Footnote This contrasts with bacteria, where horizontal gene transfer is more common.
39
What organelles do fungal cells contain?
Mitochondria and a complex system of internal membranes ## Footnote This includes the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
40
What complex system is found within fungal cells alongside mitochondria?
Internal membranes ## Footnote This includes structures like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
41
What role do pigments in fungi play?
Protective role against ultraviolet radiation ## Footnote Some fungal pigments are toxic to humans.
42
What do fungal cells have that is similar to plant cells?
A thick cell wall
43
What complex polysaccharides are found in the rigid layers of fungal cell walls?
Chitin and glucans
44
What is chitin, and where else is it found?
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; found in the exoskeleton of arthropods such as insects
45
What function does the cell wall serve for fungi?
Protects the cell from desiccation and some predators
46
What stabilizes the plasma membranes of fungi?
Ergosterol
47
Are most members of the kingdom Fungi motile or nonmotile?
Nonmotile
48
In which phylum do fungi produce flagella in their spores and gametes?
Phylum Chytridiomycota
49
Is the vegetative body of a fungus unicellular or multicellular thallus?
It is both
50
What are unicellular fungi called?
Yeasts
51
What do multicellular fungi produce?
Threadlike hyphae (singular hypha).
52
What can Dimorphic fungi do?
Dimorphic fungi can change from the unicellular to multicellular state depending on environmental conditions.
53
Are most fungi multicellular?
Yes
54
What 2 distinct morphological stages do Fungi display?
1. Vegetative 2. Reproductive
55
What does the vegetative stage consist of?
A tangle of hyphae
56
The reproductive stages are more what? (compared to the vegetative stages)
More conspicuous
57
What is the mycelium?
A mass of fungal hyphae
58
Where can the mycelium grow?
It can grow on a surface, in soil or decaying material, in a liquid, or even on living tissue. Also the mycelium of a fungus can be very large, with some species truly being “the fungus humongous.”
59
Most fungal hyphae are divided into separate cells by endwalls called what?
Septa(singular, septum): cell wall division between hyphae
60
In most phyla of fungi, tiny holes in the septa allow for what?
The rapid flow of nutrients and small molecules from cell to cell along the hypha.
61
Are the hyphae in bread molds (which belong to the Phylum Zygomycota) separated by septa?
No, instead, they are formed by large cells containing many nuclei (multinucleate), an arrangement described as coenocytic hyphae
62
What environments do Fungi thrive in?
Environments that are moist and slightly acidic. They can grow with or without light. They vary in their oxygen requirement.
63
Are most fungi obligate aerobes?
Yes
64
What does obligate aerobes mean?
Organisms, such as humans, that must perform aerobic respiration to survive
65
What does obligate anaerobes mean?
Organisms that only perform anaerobic respiration and often cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen may disrupt their metabolism.
66
What does facultative anaerobes mean? (Yeast can do this)
Organisms that can perform both aerobic (best in aerobic) and anaerobic respiration & can survive in oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environment
67
Are fungi heterotrophs?
Yes as they use complex organic compounds as a source of carbon, rather than fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as do some bacteria and most plants.
68
Do fungi fix nitrogen from the atmosphere?
No, instead they obtain it through their diet
69
What does fungi perform in reverse order?
They perform ingestion & digestion in reverse order. Instead digestion precedes ingestion. First, exoenzymes are transported out of the hyphae, where they process nutrients in the environment. Then, the smaller molecules produced by this external digestion are absorbed through the large surface area of the mycelium.
70
Fungi are mostly what?
Saprobes (saprophyte), which are organisms that derive nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter (mainly from plants).
71
Fungal exoenzymes are able to break down insoluble compounds, such as the cellulose and lignin of dead wood, into readily absorbable glucose molecules
72

Biology II (7 decks)

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