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Viruses, fungi, parasites > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on fungi?

A

Cell wall isn’t peptidoglycan (instead has a cell wall of chitin and beta glucan, an 80S ribosome

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2
Q

Do fungi survive/reproduce in oxygen? Are they heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

Most are obligate aerobes, none are able to survive anaerobically; heterotrophic

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3
Q

Fungi are better at growing in these conditions than bacteria:

A

Colder, drier, more acidic, and higher osmotic pressure

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4
Q

What are the two types of fungi? How are they different? How do they reproduce?

A

Yeasts (single celluar, reproduce by budding); Molds (multicellular that grow as filaments known as hyphae, reproduces either sexually or asexually)

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5
Q

Mats of hyphae are called:

A

mycelium

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6
Q

How is closed mitosis different from open mitosis?

A

The nuclear envelope never breaks down in closed mitosis

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7
Q

What form of fungi predominately reproduces by closed mitosis?

A

Yeasts

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8
Q

According to thermal dimorphism what would a form would a fungi be in at 24C? At 37C?

A

24C mold, at 37C yeast

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9
Q

Fungi imperfecti reproduce primarily sexually or asexually?

A

Asexually

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10
Q

What are the two responses to fungi by the immune system?

A

Granuloma formation and acute suppuration (filling with pus)

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11
Q

What fungi are responsible for granuloma formation?

A

histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis

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12
Q

What fungi are responsible for acute suppuration?

A

aspergillosis and sporotrichosis

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13
Q

What are the consequences of fungi being environmental pathogens? (both positive and negative)

A

Not really contagious (non-communicable), no drug resistance, not able to be eradicated

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14
Q

What fungi is considered normal flora?

A

C. albincans

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15
Q

How do you get mycotoxicosis?

A

Eating fungal toxins (such as a the wrong mushroom or spoiled food)

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16
Q

How would you culture a fungal sample?

A

Treat with KOH (breakdown surrounding tissue), place on Sabourad’s agar (inhibits bacterial growth), look for appearance of mycelium or asexual spores

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17
Q

What are the major classes of antifungals and how do they work? (3)

A

polyenes: disrupt fungal cell membrane at ergosterol
azoles: inhibit ergosterol synthesis
echinocandins: inhibit beta glucan synthesis

18
Q

How does amphotericin B work? What is it used for?

A

Targets ergosterol (forms a channel in membrane disrupting ions); used for broad range of systemic infections, only give when life threatening because has harmful side effects (toxic to major organs); give to pregnant patient with systemic mycoses

19
Q

How does echinocandins work? What is it used for? Who can’t use it?

A

Inhibits synthesis of beta-glucan, low toxicity so good for systemic use, can’t use in pregnant women; used against candida and aspergillus

20
Q

How do azoles work? What are they used for?

A

Bind to precursers of ergosterol so that ergosterol can’t be made; less toxic, flucoazole is a class that is useful against candida and cryptococcal

21
Q

Name the four different classes of fungal infections

A

Superficial, subcutaneous, systemic, opportunisitc

22
Q

Where are superficial mycoses found? What do they look like?

A

Superficial layer of skin, non-life threatening with discoloration/itching of the skin

23
Q

What is the example used in lecture that produces superficial mycoses caused by?

A

Dermatophytes

24
Q

What two fungal infections arise because the fungi is thermically dimorphic?

A

Subcutaneous and systemic

25
Q

How are superficial mycoses treated?

A

Topical azoles or if hard to reach oral griseofulvin

26
Q

How are superficial mycoses transmitted?

A

Contact with fomites and later autoinoculation, or from chronic infection in warm, humid areas of skin

27
Q

What cells are targeted by dermatophytosis? How do they accomplish this?

A

Superficial keratinized cells– produce keratinases

28
Q

How are superficial mycoses diagnosed?

A

KOH mount and culture

29
Q

How are subcutaneous mycoses transmitted? Where does it go once in the body?

A

Enters the skin following some form of trauma so get get exposure to vegetation/soil- in the body is slowly spreads to trunk via lymphatics

30
Q

How are subcutaneous mycoses treated?

A

Oral azoles- but in serious cases may require AmpC or surgery

31
Q

Sporotrichosis causes what type of mycoses?

A

Subcutaneous

32
Q

What might sporotrichosis look like in patients with COPD? Those that are immunosuppressed?

A

COPD: have pulmonary involvement

Immunosuppressed leads to disseminated and can cause meningitis

33
Q

How is sporotrichosis diagnosed?

A

Take pus and culture

34
Q

How are systemic mycoses transmitted?

A

Inhalation of fungi/spores from soil

35
Q

What symptoms are associated with the inhalation of coccioides arthospores? Mild, moderate and severe

A

Mild:see asymptomatic/flulike clearance
Moderate: valley fever/desert rheumatism- pulmonary and erythema nodosm (rash on shins)
Severe: major pneumonia and dissemination

36
Q

What does coccioides look like? How can you tell the difference by looking at history?

A

TB- TB is usually foreign, Cocciodies is from endemic soil in SW

37
Q

How are coccioides treated?

A

If immunosuppressed, diabetic, or cardiopulmonary disease treat with oral azoles
If pregnant treat with Amp B
If have persisting lung lesions or disseminated mycoses then treat with Amp B

38
Q

What is the optimal treatment for opportunistic mycoses?

A

Treats the pre-existing condition and the fungal infection

39
Q

How is cryptococcosis transmitted? What are the outcomes?

A

Inhaled and goes to the lungs there either cleared and asymptomatic if healthy immune; if immunocompromised then pneumonia

40
Q

What is the life threatening complication of cryptococcis in immunocompromised?

A

Meningitis

41
Q

How is cryptococcis treated in the immunocompromised?

A

Combinations of AmpB and oral azoles

Viruses, fungi, parasites (5 decks)

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