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Disease and Defense > Fungal pathogens/Parasites > Flashcards

Fungal pathogens/Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A
  • heterotrophic
  • 3uM-hundreds of feet long
  • sexual or asexual reproduction
  • rigid cell walls made of chitin but have membrane bound organelles
  • -ergosterol in their cell membrane
  • some species have a polysaccharide capsule
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2
Q

Saprobes

A

fungi that live on dead/decaying organic matter

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3
Q

Symbionts

A

fungi that lice on another organism and it is mutually advantageous to both

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4
Q

Commensals

A

fungi that live on another, no detriment to host

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5
Q

parasites

A

fungi that live on another, detriment to host

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6
Q

Fungi can occur in two basic forms:

A

1) Yeast

2) Mold (hyphae)

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7
Q

Yeast

A

unicellular type of fungi. They reproduce via budding or fission. Colonies look moist/mucoid. Sometimes they can look like hyphae if they are elongated into pseudohyphae

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8
Q

Mold

A

Type of fungi. made of filamentous growths (hyphae). can form a mycelium. Hyphae can be septal or nonseptal

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9
Q

A mass of hyphae is called a____

A

mycelium

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10
Q

Are all organisms exclusively yeast or hyphae?

A

No, some fungi are dimorphic and can exist in a yeast or a hyphal form depending on the environment

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11
Q

Which fungi are dimorphic?

A 
Sporothrix
coccidoides
histoplasma
blastomyces
paracoccidoides
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12
Q

Rhizoids

A

specialized hyphae that look like roots from vegetative hyphae

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13
Q

Condida

A

asexual spores that come off of aerial hyphae . Can be two types: macrocondida or microcondida

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14
Q

Macrocondida

A

large multinucleate spore

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15
Q

Microcondida

A

small unicellular spore “birds on a wire appearance”

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16
Q

Sporangia

A

endospores enclosed in membranous sac. Held up by a sporangiophore

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17
Q

Sporangiophore

A

specialized hyphae bearing sporangia

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18
Q

Chlamydospore

A

Form along vegetative hyphae
• Round and very thick-walled
• Resistant to adverse environmental conditions • May be terminal or intercalary chlamydospores

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19
Q

Arthrospores

A
  • Develop along vegetative hyphae

* Thick-walled, numerous, elongated • May be consecutive or alternative

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20
Q

Spherules

A

Develop during yeast phase in some
organisms (Coccidioides immitis)
• Spherules filled with small endospores

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21
Q

Blastoconidia

A
  • Small buds seen in yeast that divide asymmetrically

* Not present in division by fission

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22
Q

Thallus

A

a cultured fungal colony

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23
Q

Floccose

A

wooly

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24
Q

Lanose

A

cottony

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25
Q

Glabrous

A

smooth

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26
Q

Dematiaceous

A

pigmented

27
Q

Geophilic

A

acquired from soil

28
Q

Zoophilic

A

acquired from animals

29
Q

Anthropophilic

A

acquired from humans

30
Q

Sabouraud’s agar

A

non-selective auger used as screening media

31
Q

Mycocel/Mycobiotic

A

Sabouraud’s agar plus antibiotics

32
Q

Dermatophyte test medium (DTM)

A

Sabouraud’s agar plus antibiotics & pH indicator

33
Q

PAS/D–stains the

A

chitinous cell wall of fungi

34
Q

Mucicarmine

A

stains mucopolysaccharide capsule

35
Q

Gomori’s methenamine silver

A

stains cell wall

36
Q

Amphotericin

A

an example of a POLYENE
Bind to and inhibit ergosterol assembly
“amphoterrible” – “shake and bake”
“Polyenes punch holes in cell membrane”

37
Q

Imidazoles/Triazoles

A

• Interfere with ergosterol synthesis
• Inhibit 14-demethylase
• Inhibit human sterol synthesis to lesser extent
• Metabolized via the cytochrome pathway
• Some risk of fulminant hepatic toxicity
Ex: ketoconazole

38
Q

Allylamines/Benzylamines

A

• Block ergosterol synthesis at an earlier point • Inhibit squalene epoxidase
• Accumulation of squalene is fungicidal
• Still metabolized by cytochrome pathway
• Lesser but existent risk of liver toxicity
ex: terbinafine

39
Q

Echinocandins

A
  • Newest class of antifungals- 2002
  • Act via inhibition of 1,3-glucan synthase
  • Priniciple activity against Candida and Aspergillus
40
Q

Griseofulvin

A

– Inhibits microtubule/spindle complex

-eat with fatty meal

41
Q

Flucytosine

A

antimetabolite that inhibits DNA synthesis

fungistatic.

42
Q

Ciclopiroxolamine

A

chelates important metals needed for fungal development

43
Q

What can you add to KOH or DMSO stains the chitinous fungal cell walls a grey-green color and this makes the direct microscopic examination easier?

A

chlorazol E black stain

44
Q

definitive host

A

where parasites undergo sexual reproduction

45
Q

intermediate host

A

where parasites undergo asexual reproduction

46
Q

Taxonomic groups of helminths

A
  1. Roundworms/nematodes
  2. Flatworms/trematodes/flukes
  3. Tapeworms/cestodes
47
Q

Taxonomic groups of protozoa

A
  1. Amebas
  2. Flagellates
  3. Cilliates
  4. Sporazoa
    Microsporidia
48
Q

Schistosomes are what type of worm?

A

trematode/flatworm

49
Q

Schistosome eggs are excreted in the feces, hatch, and release _______

A

miracidia

50
Q

miricidia go on to infect ______, the intermediate host of a schistomiasis infection

A

snails

51
Q

After the snail has been infected, the parasite generates ______ inside the snail

A

sporocytes

52
Q

_______ are released by the snail into the water and are free-swimming parasites

A

cercariae

53
Q

What part of the life cycle of a schistosome infection penetrates the human skin?

A

cercariae penetrate the human skin and lose their tails to become schistosomules

54
Q

cercariae penetrate the human skin and lose their tails to become _________

A

schistosomules

55
Q

Schistosomules gain access to the circulation and migrate to what area to mature into adult worms?

A

the schitosomules migrate into the portal blood to mature

56
Q

After maturation, the mature worms migrate to the _____ veins or the _____ _____ of the ____ to mate

A

mesentaric

venous plexus of the bladder

57
Q

The acute phase of schistomiasis infection is characterized by ____ 2-3 days after infection

A

dermatitis

58
Q

Following dermatitis, acute phase of schistomiasis infection is characterized by:

A

serum sickness like illness “katayama fever 4-8 weeks post infection and lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly

59
Q

Chronic schistomiasis infection

A

granulomatous/fibrotic changes to liver or bladder in response to deposited eggs. Eosinophils–> scarring. SSx= diarrhea, abdominal pain, ascites/hematuria, bladder cancer

60
Q

What pathogens cause malaria

A

the plasmodium family: vivax, oval, malaria and falciparum

61
Q

Cycle of malaria

A

Mosquitos bite people, sporozoites infect hepatocytes replicate, Merozoites are released into blood, infect RBCs, replicate, RBCs sucked up by mosquito, Sexual development (gametes fuse in the mosquito intestine)

62
Q

Untreated malaria leads to what kind of fevers?

A

periodic, synchronized fevers

63
Q

Anemia from RBC lysis leads to

A

splenic sequestration, decreased bone marrow function, hemoglobinuria (backwater fever)

64
Q

SSX of malaria

A

jaundice, hypotension, tachycardia, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, glomerulonephritis, cerebral malaria, inadequate blood flow to organs, multi organ failure

Disease and Defense (2 decks)

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