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FUNGAL CLASSIFICATION > fungal classification > Flashcards

fungal classification Flashcards

1
Q

HOW MANY MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI ARE PRESENT

A

there are 4 major groups

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2
Q

NAME THE 4 MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI

A

-chytridiomycota
-ascomycota
-zygomycota
-basidiomycota

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3
Q

Characteristics of CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

A

this group is characterized by motile
spores(zoospores)

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4
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME OF MOTILE SPORES IN CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

A

the motile spore found in group cgytridiomycota is called zoospore

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5
Q

WHAT ARE ZOOSPORES

A

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some protists, bacteria, and fungi to propagate themselves.

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5
Q

WHAT ARE ZOOSPORES

A

A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some protists, bacteria, and fungi to propagate themselves.

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6
Q

HOW DO CHYTRIDS GROW

A

Chytrids grow aerobically

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7
Q

WHERE DO CHYTRIDS GROW

A

Chytrids grow aerobically in soil and mud

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8
Q

Habitats of chytrids

A

Aquatic environment

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9
Q

Structural form of chytrids

A

Chytrids may have a unicellular or multicellular body

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10
Q

WHAT IS CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

A

Chytridiomycota also called TRUE CHYTRIDS are a phylum of fungi that can be either unicellular or multicellular. Most chytrids are unicellular, but a few form multicellular organisms and hyphae, which have no septa between cells (coenocytic)

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11
Q

WHAT ARE UNICELLULAR CHYTRIDS

A

THEY are typically motile and have a flagellum that allows them to swim in water. They are often found in aquatic environments, but some species can also live in soil or on plants. eg SYNCHYTRIUM
Synchytrium endobioticum: This chytrid is a pathogen of amphibians. It is the cause of the chytrid fungus disease, which has been responsible for the decline of amphibian populations around the world.
The fungus Synchytrium endobioticum a potato wart pathogen, affects stolons and extinction of multiple species. eg Olpidium

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12
Q

wHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

A

it’s also named true chytrids

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13
Q

WHAT IS MULTICELLULAR CHYTRIDS

A

Multicellular chytrids are typically found in soil or on plants. They have a network of hyphae that allows them to absorb nutrients from their environment. Some multicellular chytrids can also form fruiting bodies, which are structures that produce spores. eg

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14
Q

WHAT IS ASCOMYCOTA

A

Ascomycota is a phylum of fungi that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. It is the largest phylum of fungi, with over 64,000 species. Ascomycota are characterized by the production of asci, which are sac-like structures that contain spores.

Ascomycota are found in a wide variety of habitats, including soil, water, plants, and animals. They play an important role in the environment as decomposers, pathogens, and mutualistic partners.

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15
Q

WHAT IS THE CHARX FEATURE OF PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA

A

The sexually produced spores called ascospores are contained within a sac known as the ascus

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16
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR ASCOMYCOTA

A

The other name for phylum Ascomycota is SAC FUNGI. This is because the defining feature of this fungal group is the “ascus” a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed.

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17
Q

WHAT ARE THE SPORES FOUND IN ASCOMYCOTA CALLED

A

tHEY are called ascospores

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18
Q

WHAT ARE ASCOSPORES

A

Ascospores are sexual spores produced by fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. They are typically haploid, meaning that they have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Ascospores are typically small and non-motile. They are typically released from the ascus and dispersed by wind, water, or animals. Ascospores can survive for long periods of time in the environment. This allows them to colonize new areas even after the parent fungus has died.

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19
Q

WHAT IS THE ASCUS

A

Sac-like structure which contain spores

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20
Q

ARE ASCOSPORES MOTILE??

A

NO ascospores are non motiles spores

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21
Q

ARE ASCOSPORES SEXUAL SPORES OR ASEXUAL

A

Ascospores are sexual spores

22
Q

WHAT ARE THE SPORES PRODUCED IN CHYTRIDS

A

ZOOSPORES

23
Q

ARE ZOOSPORES NON MOTILE SPORES

A

They are motile spores that use a flagellum to swim in water. The flagellum is a whip-like structure that helps the zoospore to propel itself through the water

24
Q

ARE ZOOSPORES SEUAL SPORES

A

ZOOSPORES are asexual spores

25
Q

WHERE ARE ASCUS PRODUCE

A

The ascus is a sac-like structure that produces spores in ascomycete fungi. It is typically found in the fruiting body of the fungus, which is called the ascocarp.

26
Q

WHAT DOES ASCUS PRODUCES IN PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA

A

it produces spores

27
Q

WHAT IS ASCOCARP

A

The ascocarp is the fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus. It is the structure that produces the asci, which are sac-like structures that contain the spores. The ascocarp can be a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the species of fungus. In some cases, the ascocarp is visible to the naked eye, while in others it is microscopic.

28
Q

EXAMPLE OF FUNGI WITH ASCOCARP

A

Cup fungi: These fungi have a cup-shaped ascocarp. The cup is typically lined with asci, which contain the spores.
Morels: These fungi have a honeycomb-like ascocarp. The asci are located in the honeycomb-like structures.
Truffles: These fungi have a subterranean ascocarp. The asci are located inside the ascocarp, which is buried underground.
Yeasts: These fungi do not have a distinct ascocarp. The asci are produced in clusters within the yeast cells.

29
Q

which phylum is the largest phylum of fungi classification

A

IT’S ASCOMYCOTA with yeasts,food spoilage moilds,brown fruit rotting fruit fungi,morels and truffles

30
Q

COMMON MOULDS

A

Most common moulds belong to species within these genera -
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium etc

31
Q

WHAT IS ZYGOMYCOTA

A

Zygomycota is a former division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two phyla: the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material.

32
Q

WHAT ARE THE SEXUAL SPORES IN CHYTRIDS

A

they are called planospore

33
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF ZYGOMYCOTA

A

The group is characterized by production of non-motile
spores.

34
Q

WHAT ARE THE ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SPORE TYPE IN ZYGOMYCOTA

A

THEY ARE CALLED Sporangiospores
APLANOSPORES

35
Q

WHAT ARE ASEXUAL SPORES CALLED SPORANGIOPHORES

A

Sporangiospores: These are asexual spores that are produced in sporangia. A sporangium is a sac-like structure that contains the spores.
The sporangiospores are released from the sporangium when it matures. They are then dispersed by wind, water, or animals. The spores can then germinate and grow into new fungi.

36
Q

WHAT ARE SEXUAL SPORES IN ZYGOMYCOTA

A

Zygospores
: These are sexual spores that are formed by the fusion of two gametangia. A gametangium is a reproductive structure that contains haploid cells. When two gametangia fuse, they form a diploid zygospore. The zygospore has a thick wall that protects it from the environment. The zygospore can remain dormant for a long time, until conditions are favorable for germination. When the zygospore germinates, it undergoes meiosis t

37
Q

ANOTHER NAME FOR THE PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA

A

THE COENOCYTIC TRUE FUNGI

38
Q

MYCELIAL ORGANIZATION IN ZYGOMYCOTA

A

The mycelial organization is coenocytic.

39
Q

WELL KNOWN EXAMPLES OF ZYGOMYCOTA

A

Rhizopus and Mucor are among the well-known examples of
the Zygomycota and commonly called the black bread
moulds

40
Q

HOW IS THE HYPHAE IN CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

A

Chytridiomycota cells are coenocytic with no distinction between individual cells. The filaments are long and tubular with a cytoplasm lining and large vacuole in the center HENCE ASEPTATE HYPHAE

The hyphae in chytrids are aseptate, meaning that they do not have cross-walls.

41
Q

HOW IS HYPHAE IN ASCOMYCOTA

A

Hyphae are typically septate, meaning that they are divided into compartments by cross-walls called septa

42
Q

HOW IS HYPHAE IS ZYGOMYCOTA

A

The hyphae in Zygomycota are typically aseptate, meaning that they do not have cross-walls. This makes the hyphae a single, continuous tube of cytoplasm

43
Q

WHAT IS BASIDIOMYCOTA

A

Basidiomycota is a large and diverse phylum of fungi that includes mushrooms, puffballs, and rusts. They are characterized by the production of basidia, which are specialized cells that produce spores. Basidia are typically club-shaped, and they are located on the surface of fruiting bodies, such as mushrooms.

44
Q

KEY NOTES

A

BASIDIOMYCOTA include microscopic and macroscopic forms some are edible and others are not

45
Q

CHARX OF BASIDIOMYCOTA

A

Production of basidiophores in structure called basidium

46
Q

WHAT ARE BASIDIOSPORES

A

Basidiospores are a type of spore produced by fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota. They are typically single-celled, haploid, and have a smooth or ornamented surface. Basidiospores are produced on basidia
-Basidiospores are non motile, which means that they cannot move on their own.

-Basidiospores are sexual spores, which means that they are produced by the fusion of two hyphae of opposite mating types. The fusion of the hyphae produces a zygote, which then undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid basidiospores.

The basidiospores are then dispersed by the wind or animals, and they can germinate to form new fungi. The germination of basidiospores is a two-step process.

47
Q

WHAT IS BASIDIUM AND WHERE IS IT LOCATED

A

A basidium is a specialized cell in fungi that produces spores. It is club-shaped and typically found on the surface of fruiting bodies, such as mushrooms. Basidia are found in the phylum Basidiomycota, which includes mushrooms, puffballs, and rusts.

Basidia are located on the hyphae of basidiomycetes. . The basidia are located on the tips of the hyphae, and they are often arranged in a specific way. For example, in mushrooms, the basidia are arranged in a layer on the underside of the cap.

48
Q

ARE BASIDIOSPORES SEXUAL SPORES

A

YES THEY ARE SEXUAL SPORES

49
Q

COMMON EXAMPLES OF EDIBLE BASIDIOMYCETES

A

SOME are mushrooms, puffballs are edible when they are young and the flesh is still white throughout,smuts, jelly fungi,birds nest fungi

50
Q

COMMON EXAMPLES OF non EDIBLE BASIDIOMYCETES

A

toadstools, earth stars,stinkhorns, rusts,

51
Q

SOME MUSHROOM SPECIES

A

Agaricus, Lentinus,
Pleurotus, Termitomyces,
Volvariella

52
Q

EXAMPLE OF TOADSTOOL SPECIES

A

Amanita, Chlorophyllum molybdites etc

53
Q

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

A

-Recycling of nutrients/ maintenance of soil fertility
- Formation of symbiotic association with plant roots
-* Food
-MEDECINE eg The most famous of
all antibiotic drugs Penicillin, is derived from a common fungus called
Penicillium chrysogenum (formerly P. notatum).
-Biocontrol of soil borne pathogens
-crop disease egFamous Late blight of potato (Phyptophthora infestans) that
caused death by starvation in Ireland, Corn smut disease
caused by Ustilago maydis destroys the corn kernels.
-Animal disease eg Fungi can also parasitise domestic animals causing diseases,
but this is not usually a major economic problem. Ringworm
and Candida infections are examples of human fungal
infections. A wide range of fungi also live on and in humans,
but most exist harmlessly.
-Spoilage of food and goods

FUNGAL CLASSIFICATION (1 decks)

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