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MicroBiology Exam 1 > Fungal Biology > Flashcards

Fungal Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi are Eukaryotes. But what prokaryotic feature do they posses?

A

Cell walls.

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2
Q

Describe traits of the Two fungal morphologies Yeast and Mold.

A

YEAST: Single celled fungi. Also called Blastocondia
-Reproduce via asexual budding
MOLD: Consist of Hyphae (Long strands) that form a mycelium.
-Hyphae can be septate = multiple hyphae that bind together form cell-like barriers that allow large molecules to pass through.
-Hyphae may also be Non-septate - Flat sheet, single hyphae = simpler, more simplistic.

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3
Q

CONIDIA are fungi that reproduce how?

A

Conidia are fungi that reproduce Asexually = ANAMORPH

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4
Q

Spores undergo what type of reproduction?

A

Spores can undergo asexual or Sexual reproduction. = TELOMORPH

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5
Q

Polyenes are a class of antifungal drugs. What metabolic pathway do polyenes attack in fungi?

A

Polyenes bind ERGOSTEROL a molecule similar to cholesterol in humans.

  • Destroys membrane
  • Note: not very specific has side effects for humans b/c binds to cholesterol in cell membranes.
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6
Q 
Azoles are a class of Antifungal drug. By what metabolic pathway do Azoles attack fungi?
What is another drug that also inhibits ergosterol synthesis?
A

Azoles inhibit Ergosterol SYNTHESIS

  • Azoles are really the best drugs for fungal infections
  • Allyamines are another class of drug that inhibit ergosterol synthesis.
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7
Q

Echinocandins are a class of Antifungal drug. By what metabolic pathway do Echinocandins attack fungi?

A

Echinocandins inhibit cell wall synthesis.

-Highly Specific

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8
Q

Trimethoprim are a class of Antifungal drug. By what metabolic pathway do trimethoprims attack fungi?

A

Trimethoprins are folic acid synthesis inhibitors

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9
Q

Flucytosine are a class of Antifungal drug. By what metabolic pathway do Flucytosine attack fungi?

A 
Flucytosine is a class of antifungal drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis and RNA transcription. -
-Usually only used in combo with other drugs.
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10
Q

Superficial Mycoses = Fungal diseases of the outer keratinized layer of cells. Doesn’t induce Immune response. Give 1-2 defining characteristics of the following two Superficial Mycoses diseases.

  1. Tinea Versicolor
  2. Black piedra
A
  1. Tinea Versicolor has a characteristic “spaghetti and meat balls” cluster of thick wall yeast mixed with hyphae.
  2. Black piedra are brow-black mold because they express melanin. Infect hair strands. Can treat with hair cut and better hygiene
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11
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses = Invasion of the outermost layer of the epidermis. What type of fungi cause Cutaneous Mycoses? How? What are the infections caused by this fungi called? What is their characteristic shape?

A

Dermatophyts cause cutaneous mycoses via their keratinolytic enzymes that can breakdown keratin to gain entry to uppermost (dead) layer of skin.

  • Causes infections called Tineas.
    • Note: tineas are divided up according to site of infection. Ex: Tinea barbae = infection in beard
    • Tineas are characteristically shaped like raised circles = “Ring Worms”
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12
Q

Dermatophytes are classified morphologicaly?

How are dermatophytes classified ecologically?

A
  • Morphologically Dermatophytes are divided up according to their prevalence of microconidia.
  • Ecologically Dermatophytes are grouped according to their normal habitat
    • Anthropophilic - primarily associated w/ humans
    • Zoophilic - primarily associated w/ none human mammals
    • Geophilic - primarily associated w/ soils = “saprobes”
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13
Q

Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes. What is Onychomycosis an infection of?

A

Finger and Toe nails

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14
Q

Subcutaneous Fungal Infection = subcutaneous fungal infections generally occur due to traumatic inoculation of SOIL SAPROPHYTES into subcutaneous tissue. Chronic loocalized infection very difficult to treat. Give 1-2 defining features for the 3 types of subcutaneous infection:

  1. Sporotrichosis
  2. Chromoblastomycosis
  3. Eumycotic Mycetoma
A
  1. Sporotrichosis: a Thermally Dimorphic fungus. Useful for Diagnoses. Expresses as Mold (hyphae) at 25c and Yeast (conidia) at 37c.
  2. Chromoblastomycosis: in vegetation and soil. Often affects field workers.
  3. Eumycotic Mycetoma: Characterized by destruction of soft tissue and formation of multiple granulomas that contain aggregates of fungi known as granules or grains.
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15
Q

What fungal species cause Candidiasis, a mucosal fungal infection?
Hints:
1. Fungus is generally anthropophilic
2. Fungus is Thermally dimorphic forming Hyphae at 37c and Blastoconidia below 30c
3. In addition to causing mucosal infections like candidiasis also causes systemic infections

A

Candidiasis is caused by the Candida spp

-Primarily Candida albicans

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16
Q

Name the fungi that cause the following Endemic mycosis type of systemic infections…

  1. Blastomycosis
  2. Coccidioidomycosis
  3. Histoplasmosis
  4. Paraoccidioidomycosis
A
  1. Blastomycosis is caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
  2. Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides immitis
  3. Histoplasmosis si caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
  4. Paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
17
Q

We saw earlier that Candida spp cause Candidiasis, a mucosal fungal infection. But Candida species, especially C. albicans (70%), also cause systemic fungal infections. What part of the body do these Candida spp effect?

A

Candida spp. cause systemic infection in the bloodstream.
-Considered opportunistic mycosis, spreading to different parts of the body when possible –> heart, eyes, bones liver etc.

18
Q

What is the fungus that causes Cryptococcosis?
-Hint:
=Encapsulated, basidiomycetous yeastlike fungi, dimorphic
=”Sugar coated killer”
=Has four serotypes

A

Cryptococcosis is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans

-Capsulated yeast

19
Q

Asperigillosis is caused by what fungi?

-Inhaled: Forms fungal ball in long

A

Aspergilloses is caused by a number of Aspergillus spp. Includes…

  • Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Aspergillus flavus, niger, terreuss - cont…
20
Q

Zygomycosis is caused by what CLASS of fungi?

= Infection of nasal cavity and orbit, causing tissue necrosis. Think Zygomatic arch…Zygomycosis

A

Zygomycosis is caused by Class Zygomycetes.

-An example of a Zygomycete = Rhizopus spp

21
Q

What fungus causes Pneumocystosis?

-Results in Pneumonia! Can be found in bronchoalveolar fluid.

A

Pneumocystosis is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii.

MicroBiology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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