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sophomore year slump > funds test 2 > Flashcards

funds test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

isotonic solutions

A

Also known as normal saline or lactated ringer’s
0.9% NaCl
Causes no fluid shifts
Helps with electrolyte replacement or vascular expansion
Monitor for signs of fluid overload, especially with history of renal or cardiovascular disease
Don’t use in patients with liver disease or metabolic acidosis
This is the only solution that can be given with blood products

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2
Q

hypotonic solutions

A

0.45% NaCl
Moves fluids into cells and interstitial space
Treats cellular dehydration
Monitor for intravenous fluid depletion and cardiovascular collapse
Don’t give to patients at risk for increased intracranial pressure –head trauma, neurosurgery, and CVA (can lead to shift of fluid into brain cells)
Don’t give to patients at risk of third spacing (fluid moves into interstitial space) –this includes burn victims, trauma pts, liver failure, severe protein malnutrition

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3
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

3% NaCl
Draws fluid from intracellular to intravascular
Treats intravascular dehydration with interstitial and intracellular fluid overload and sepsis
Closely monitor for fluid overload because solutions expand intravascular component
Avoid in patients with renal or cardiac impairment as well as intracellular dehydration (diabetic ketoacidosis)
Rarely used except in ICU

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4
Q

Colloid solutions

A

not clear
Given to patients who are malnutritioned and can’t receive large molecule IV solutions
Blood products

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5
Q

Parenteral nutrition

A

Prescribed when a patient’s GI tract is not functioning or can’t consume sufficient nutrients orally or enterally
Contains carbs (dextrose), amino acids (protein), lipids (fats), electrolytes, vitamins and minerals

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6
Q

Total parenteral nutrition

A

Provides nutritionally complete solution
2000 cals/day
Central vein
For patients with high caloric needs and long term (>7 days)
Hypertonic (makes cells shrink)
>10% dextrose and >5% amino acids

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7
Q

Partial parenteral nutrition

A

Not nutritionally complete
<2000 cals/day
Peripheral vein
Short-term support
Isotonic
No more than 10% dextrose and no more than 5% amino acids

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8
Q

Infiltration

A

when medication leaks outside the vein
S&S: Swelling, coolness, discomfort at the site, slowed infusion rate, absence of blood return
Action: Discontinue IV and start in new location, apply warm soak to decrease swelling
Prevention: Select a site over long bones that act as a splint, avoid sites over movable joints, consider using manufactured stabilization devices

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9
Q

Phlebitis

A

inflammation of the vein
S&S: Pain, warmth, redness at site, vein may feel hard and cord-like, slowed infusion rate
Action: Discontinue IV and restart in another location, apply warm soak for discomfort, do not irrigate
Prevention: Change IV site every 72h, use large veins and large gauge needles rather than catheters, dilute medicine well and infuse slowly, use central line for very irritating solutions

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10
Q

Infection

A

Infection is when bacteria gets into the IV site. It can be local or systemic
Local
S&S: redness, warmth, purulent (pus) drainage at site
Systemic
S&S: Fever, chills, malaise (overall feeling of “not being well”), elevated WBCs
Action: Discontinue IV and restart in another location. Culture catheter tip and blood, treat with abx
Prevention: Strict asepsis, handwashing, and change tubing every 96h

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11
Q

Fluid Overload

A

Too much fluid
S&S: Elevated vitals (BP, pulse, and respirations), dyspnea (difficulty breathing), pulmonary edema (crackles), jugular vein distention, weight gain
Action: Slow IV to keep open rate, notify provider, place patient in high/semi-high fowler, administer oxygen if needed
Prevention: Monitor rates carefully, use an EID, don’t try to catch up when IV gets behind if a patient is at high risk of fluid overload

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12
Q

Air embolism

A

when an air bubble gets in the IV and acts as a clot
S&S: Pain in chest, shoulder, or back; dyspnea, hypotension, thready pulse, cyanosis, LOC
Action: Place on left side in Trendelenburg position (head angled down at about 16 degrees), notify provider, monitor vitals
Prevention: Tape all connectors or use luer lock, air-eliminating filters, EID for central venous, instruct patient to use valsalva maneuver when changing tubing or discontinuing a central line
Valsalva maneuver: Plug nose and push down like you’re trying to poop (this trick is also done to open up your ears!)

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13
Q

Steps to initiate IV therapy

A
  1. Assess access site carefully for infection and thrombophlebitis (an inflammatory process causes clots to form and block one or more veins (usually in legs)
  2. Maintain strict asepsis when handling site, solution, tubing
  3. Monitor for metabolic complications
    (Refeeding syndrome, Hyper/hypoglycemia)
  4. Assess for fluid overload and air embolism
  5. Monitor I&Os and daily weights
  6. Monitor lab work weekly
  7. Do not add any solutions or medications to PPN or TPN
  8. Use an EID and filtered tubing
  9. Obtain daily solution orders, note expiration dates on bottles
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14
Q

Central venous access

A

TPN can only be administered this way
PICC line
Central line
Tunneled catheter
Implanted access
the internal jugular vein, femoral vein, and subclavian vein.

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15
Q

Cranial Nerve 1

A

Olfactory: sensory, Identify a smell

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16
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A

Optic: sensory, snellen chart

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17
Q

Cranial Nerve 3, 4, 6

A

Oculomotor: motor
PERRLA
Pupils
Equal size (3-7mm)
Round shape
React to light
Light is direct or consensual
Accommodation
Close: Converge and constrict
Distance: Straight and dilate
Troclear, Abducens: motor
Look in 6 directions (inferior oblique, superior rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, medial rectus)

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18
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal: sensorimotor Touch forehead, chin, and cheek and identify sensation (sharp or dull)

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19
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

A

Facial: sensorimotor Puff cheeks

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20
Q

Cranial Nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear: sensory
Rinne: Pitch fork on top of head, sound should be equal in both ears
Weber: Fork goes behind and next to ear to test bone conduction vs air conduction (AC>BC, meaning you should hear air conduction for longer than bone)
Whisper voice test
Romberg test: Tests vestibular apparatus to maintain balance
Stand straight, arms at sides, legs together. Stand straight for 20 seconds

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21
Q

Cranial Nerve 9, 10, 11

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus: sensorimotor Gag reflex and saying ahhhh
Hypoglossal: motor Put tongue straight, left, and right. Then push against my hand with your tongue in cheek

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22
Q

Cranial Nerve 12

A

Spinal Accessory: motor
Pt pushes shoulders up while you hold them down
Pt pushes head towards your hand

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23
Q

Cerebellar Function

A

Gait, balance, Romberg test, coordination and skilled movements (RAM), finger-to-finger, finger-to-nose, heel-to-shin

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24
Q

Mini Mental State Exam

A

To provide an objective assessment of cognition; to alert healthcare personnel of changes in cognitive function
A score of 20 or below indicates significant cognitive impairment

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25
Q

Delirium

A

Acute confusion, reversible, quick

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26
Q

Sensory overload (hyperactive delirium)

A

Person is unable to process or manage intensity or quantity of incoming sensory stimuli; accompanied by feelings of being out of control and overwhelmed

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27
Q

Sensory deprivation (hypoactive delirium)

A

A lessening or lack of meaningful sensory stimuli, monotonous sensory input, or an interference with the processing of information

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28
Q

Deep Tendon Reflexes (definition, scale)

A

Measures the intactness of the reflex arc. Stimulus is applied with the reflex hammer to the insertion tendon of the muscle. Use short, snappy blow–the limb should be relaxed and muscle partially stretched
0 –no response
1+–diminished reflex (may be normal)
2+–normal
3+–briskier than normal (may be normal)
4+–hyperactive–upper neuron disorder suspected

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29
Q

Bicep Deep Tendon Reflex

A

C5, C6
Flex patient’s arm at the elbow with their forearm resting on the thigh, palm up. Place your thumb on the base of the biceps tendon in the antecubital fossa. Strike your thumb with the sharp side of the reflex hammer

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30
Q

Tricep Deep Tendon Reflex

A

C7, C8
Have pt’s arm hang loose at a right angle and strike the tricep tendon (just above the olecranon process) with the sharp side of the hammer

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31
Q

Quadriceps Deep Tendon Reflex

A

Patellar, L2, L3, L4
Client performs Jendrassik maneuver (teeth clenched and arms hooked together) and strike the patellar tendon just below the patella with the flat side of the hammer
If patient remains supine, support the back of their knee while the leg is flexed at a 45 degree angle

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32
Q

Achilles Deep Tendon Reflex

A

L5-S2
Have the pt sit at the edge of the examination table with their legs dangling above the floor. Gently dorsiflex the foot at the ankle and position the joint at 90 degrees or until resistance is felt. Strike the achilles tendon with the sharp side of the hammer

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33
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors for Strokes

A

High BP, high cholesterol, diabetes, afib, carotid stenosis, atherosclerosis, tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity, excessive alcohol intake, illegal drug use

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34
Q

Non modifiable Risk Factors for Strokes

A

Increasing age, gender (male), family history, prior stroke or TIA (transient ischemic attack or “mini stroke”, race (African American, Hispanic, and Asian population at higher risk)

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35
Q

Signs and Symptoms for strokes

A

Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially unilateral
Sudden trouble speaking or understanding
Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination
Sudden, severe headache with no known cause
FAST– Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, and Time

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36
Q

Stroke nursing interventions

A

Regain balance.
Teach patient to maintain balance in a sitting position, then to balance while standing and begin walking as soon as standing balance is achieved.
Manage sensory difficulties.
Approach patient with a decreased field of vision on the side where visual perception is intact.
Visit a speech therapist.
Consult with a speech therapist to evaluate gag reflexes and assist in teaching alternate swallowing techniques
Repositioning to prevent bed sores and things

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37
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Caused by a clot leading to limited blood flow to brain

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38
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Caused by rupture of blood vessel in brain

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39
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Hemi means side, paresis means paralysis, so hemiparesis means paralysis of one side. Effects legs, arms, and face

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40
Q

Stereognosis

A

Depth perception, ability to identify object by touch

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41
Q

Graphesthesia

A

Sensing what is written by touch (someone daws an “8” on your hand and you can identify it)

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42
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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43
Q

PNS

A

of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, reflex arc, and ANS (not controlled by you)

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44
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

To provide objective assessment of consciousness; to alert healthcare personnel of changes in LOC
A score of 13-15 indicates mild brain injury
9-12 is moderate
3-8 is severe

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45
Q

GCS Eye Movement

A
  1. Spontaneously
  2. To speech
  3. To pain
  4. No response
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46
Q

GCS Verbal Response

A
  1. Oriented to time, person, and place
  2. Confused
  3. Inappropriate response
  4. Incomprehensible words
  5. No response
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47
Q

GCS Motor Response

A
  1. Obeys command
  2. Move to localized pain
  3. Flex to withdraw from pain
  4. Abnormal flexion
  5. Abnormal extension
  6. No response
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48
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

mediastinum (cavities that enclose the lungs)
and pleural cavities

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49
Q

Right lung

A

3 lobes: superior, lateral, and inferior

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50
Q

Left lungs

A

2 lobes: superior and inferior, and also contains the cardiac notch, which is where the heart is

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51
Q

Parts of the lung tree

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bifurcation of the trachea (where it splits into two)
Left and right main bronchus
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary or segmental bronchi
Bronchioles

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52
Q

Normal Respiratory Structure

A

Mouth
Nose
Pharynx NOL= nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Trachea (branchial tree)
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (where gas exchange happens)
Lungs

53
Q

Lung Borders

A

Apex: Retroclavicular: behind the clavicle
Base: Bottom, sits on diaphragm

54
Q

Pleurae

A

Thin slippery pleurae are serous membranes that form an envelope between the lungs and the chest wall.
Visceral: lines the lung tissue, inner layer surrounding lung
Parietal: lines the entire lung, most outer layer of the lung
Pleurisy: inflammation of the pleura, pain comes from inspiration

55
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

Sternum
12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracic vertebrae
Diaphragm

56
Q

Anterior thoracic landmarks

A

Suprasternal notch
Sternum
Sternal angle
Costal angle
Upper and middle lobes

57
Q

Posterior thoracic landmarks

A

Posterior: upper lobes = t1-t4
T4-t12

58
Q

Respiratory assessment: inspection

A

Observe pattern and effort of respirations
Bradypnea: RR below 12
Tachypnea: RR above 20
Biot: Cyclic breathing characterized by shallow breathing alternating with periods of apnea
Cheyne-Stokes: Cyclic breathing pattern characterized by periods of respirations of increased rate and depth alternating with periods of apnea
Kussmaul: Increased rate and depth of respirations
Observe for dyspnea, cyanosis, clubbing, AP diameter (normal vs barrel chest)

59
Q

Respiratory assessment: palpitation

A

Check extent and pattern of thoracic expansion and trachea position
Check fremitus (vibrations) for characteristics
Symmetric chest expansion
Tactile fremitus
Have patient say “99” or “blue moon” in order to find the tactile fremitus (it will vibrate)
Palpate the chest wall

60
Q

Respiratory assessment: percussion

A

Detect fluid filled or consolidated portions of the lung

61
Q

Respiratory assessment: auscultation

A

Listen with stethoscope

62
Q

Brainstem Injury: decorticate rigidity

A

Hemispheric injury in cerebral cortex
Upper extremities at core, plantar flexion (feet inward), very tense
Head kind of up towards chest

63
Q

Brainstem injury: decerebrate rigidity

A

Lesion in the brain stem at mid or upper pons
Head flexed backwards, legs are straight, feet pointed downward, arms are straight and extended, hands are curled

64
Q

Brainstem injury: Flaccid quadriplegia

A

neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause

65
Q

Cough

A

Deep cough
Splinting (deep breathing and coughing together)
Stacked cough
Low-flow (huff) cough
Quad cough

66
Q

Patient Teaching

A

Teaching Deep Breathing and Coughing
Pursed-lip breathing: decreases amount of CO2 in blood
Chest physiotherapy: pumping chest breaks up congestion, inhale and cough instead of exhale
Percussion
Vibration
Postural drainage
Aerosol therapy
Aerosol medications
Metered-dose inhalers
Dry powder inhalers
Handheld nebulizers
Dyspnea management
While pt is sitting down, relaxation techniques, pulmonary rehabilitation
Hyperventilation management
Assisted ventilation
Artificial airways
Oral or nasopharyngeal airways
Endotracheal tubes (intubation): into mouth
Tracheostomy: incision into neck

67
Q

Age related changes in the lungs

A

Thoracic wall becomes more rigid in later decades of life; protective functions of lungs are impaired; normal PaO2 decreases with decreased response to hypercapnia (too much CO2)

68
Q

Normal findings in a respiratory assessment

A

Resonance in a normal lung when you do percussion
Resonance is when you put your hand over intercostal space or lung tissue tapping on finger to hear sound (low pitched, hollow)
Hyperresonance: low pitched, booming sound, too much air
Dullness when fluid is present in lung
Should hear normal breath sounds instead of adventitious ones

69
Q

Normal Bronchial

A

heard over the trachea (high pitch and intensity)
inspiration is less than expiration

70
Q

Normal bronchovesicular

A

Heard over major bronchi (moderate pitch and intensity)
inspiration = expiration

71
Q

Normal vesicular

A

Heard over healthy lung tissue (low pitch and intensity)
inspiration greater than expiration, most commonly heard

72
Q

Adventitious crackles

A

Heard in lower lobes
Fine crackles sound like hair rubbing together
Pulmonary edema or fibrosis
Fine: discontinuous, popping, if you cough it doesn’t go away, still hear whether you inhale or exhale
Course: loud, low pitched, bubbling and gurgling, found early in patients, heard late in inspiration, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis
Crepitus: crackling sounds

73
Q

Adventitious rhonchi

A

Heard in the upper lobes
Gurgling sound
Usually clears after coughing

74
Q

Adventitious wheezes

A

Heard over the trachea
Senoras bronchi: low pitched, mostly in expiration, moaning sounds, pts normally have bronchitis with this
Sibilant: high pitched sound, musical squeaking wheeze, “vibrating wheeze” air being pushed out, occurs mostly in expiration, asthma or chronic emphysema or some obstruction

75
Q

Adventitious friction rub

A

Heard at the base
Like leather rubbing together

76
Q

Adventitious stridor

A

Heard in upper airways
Inspiratory vs expiratory
Loudness
Pitch
Location on chest wall
Indicates blockage, could be serious or caused by a cold

77
Q

Level 1 dyspnea

A

Patient can walk 1 mile at own pace before experiencing SOB

78
Q

Level 2 dyspnea

A

Patient has SOB after walking 100 yards on level ground or climbing a flight of stairs

79
Q

Level 3 dyspnea

A

The patient has SOB while talking or performing ADLs

80
Q

Level 4 dyspnea

A

The patient has SOB during periods of no activity

81
Q

Orthopnea

A

The patient has SOB while lying down

82
Q

Incentive Spirometry

A

Inhale through the tube ONLY, suck in as if you are drinking through a straw

83
Q

Egophony

A

increased resonance of voice sounds heard when auscultating the lungs

84
Q

Bronchophony

A

abnormal transmission of sounds from the lungs or bronchi

85
Q

Nasal Canula

A

lowest delivery of oxygen room air is 21 ( each liter is an added 3-4%)

86
Q

Venturi Canula

A

changed according to color or dial on tubing

87
Q

Simple oxygen mask

A

most common O2 delivery device, has a minimum

88
Q

Non rebreather mask

A

bag may not be overinflated or deflated, can deliver a nonrebreather mask or reservoir up to 15 L of oxygen, close to 100%

89
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to look at things from another’s perspective.

90
Q

Positive regard

A

Underlying assumption is that the person is worthwhile and has value and dignity; avoids unnecessary labeling.

91
Q

Honesty

A

open, direct and sincere

92
Q

Trust

A

demonstrate to patients, families, significant others that they can rely on nurses without doubt, question, or judgement

93
Q

Self-awareness and self-reflection

A

Self-awareness and self-reflection: Results in being aware of one’s own personality, values, cultural background, and style of communication; taking responsibility for one’s actions as a professional; and being separate from, but connected to, others

94
Q

Non Therapeutic Responses

A

Rescue feelings
False reassurance
Giving advice
Changing the subject
Being moralistic
Nonprofessional involvement

95
Q

Written communication

A

Conveys information through written word

96
Q

Verbal communication

A

Conveys information through spoken word

97
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

Conveys information through gestures, facial expressions, posture, space, appearance, body movement, touch, voice tone and volume, and rate of speech

98
Q

Metacommunication

A

Interpretation of communication

99
Q

Congruent relationship

A

Relationships among written, verbal, nonverbal, and/or metacommunication are aligned to give the same “message”

100
Q

Incongruent relationship

A

Relationships among written, verbal, nonverbal, and/or metacommunication are contradictory and give a “mixed message”

101
Q

Techniques to Facilitate Communication

A

Offering of Self & Touch
Open ended questions
Opening remarks
Active listening: eye contact, nodding, paying attention
Using silence
Summarizing
Presenting Reality

102
Q

Clarifying Techniques

A

Restatement
Reflection
Exploring
Encouraging elaboration & Seeking clarification
Focusing
Giving information & Looking at alternatives

103
Q

HIPAA

A

regulates areas of information management, including security of records. If you want to do written assignments, you must de-identify the patient

104
Q

PHI

A

(protected health information) is data that relates to the health of an individual (past, present, or future). HIPAA protects this data

105
Q

Types of documentation

A

Admission entries
Progress notes
Flow sheets
MAR
Plan of care
Critical pathways
Written handoff summary
Incident report

106
Q

Purposes of the patient record

A

To identify patient, support diagnosis, justify treatment, document course and results, and promote continuity of care

107
Q

Principles of documentation

A

Should be accurate
Documentation should only include observations that nurses have seen, heard, smelled, or felt. Observations or statements made by other professionals need to be identified as such
All charted documentation stays, no erasing!
Proofread and use correct spelling/medical terminology!
Should be concise and complete
Partial sentences and phrases should be used in narrative
Patient’s name and terms referring to patient can be eliminated in narrative charting
Only commonly accepted and institution-approved abbreviations should be used
Should be objective
Using direct quotes can help maintain objectivity, especially when documenting psychosocial and mental health issues
Actual patient behavior should be described rather than making interpretations
Organized and timely
Information should be documented chronologically and include patient response to interventions
Timely documentation decreases the chance of forgetting something important
All medications and procedures should be documented upon completion

108
Q

SOAP

A

Subjective, objective, assessment, pain

109
Q

PIE

A

problem, intervention, evaluation

110
Q

FOCUS DAR

A

Focus, data, action, response

111
Q

CBE

A

competency-based education

112
Q

SBAR

A

Situation, background, assessment, recommendation

113
Q

I PASS the BATON

A

Introduction, patient, assessment, situation, safety concerns, (the), background, actions, timing, ownership, next

114
Q

CUS

A

I am concerned, I am uncomfortable, this is a safety issue

115
Q

Confidential

A

Keeping information private is a legal and an ethical requirement.
Applies to written and computerized medical records and any other information pertaining to the patient’s health status or care.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulates all areas of information management, including security of records.
Students must de-identify any patient information in written assignments to be HIPAA compliant.
Privacy screens, space F4 causes screen to close to prevent nosiness and potential breeches

116
Q

Musculoskeletal assessment inspection

A

Observe and compare both sides of body for symmetry
Height: Measure for comparison over time (loss of height is common as person age)
Posture: head erect – both shoulders and hips at equal heights bilaterally
Inspect spine from the side. Note curvatures.
Note size and contour of the joint
Inspect skin and tissues over the joints for color, swelling and any masses or deformities

117
Q

Musculoskeletal assessment palpitation

A

Palpate joint bilaterally, including skin for temperature, muscles for tone, bony articulations and area of joint capsule
Note any warmth, tenderness, inflammation, edema, stiffness, crepitus, deformities, limitations, and instability
Ask for active ROM –
if you see a limitation gently attempt passive ROM
do not move past point of pain or resistance
Functional assessment with limitations in ROM

118
Q

Manifestations of altered musculoskeletal function

A

Decreased muscle strength and tone
Lack of coordination: musculoskeletal due to aging or neurological
Altered gait: shuffling, unsteadiness
Falls: risk increases as you age (anybody is at risk, post-op)
Decreased joint flexibility
Pain on movement: little movement, refuse medications
Activity intolerance

119
Q

Patient safety with musculoskeletal deficit

A

Transfers
Lift teams
Hydraulic lifts
Ceiling lifts
Stand-up assist lifts
Two- or three-person lifts

120
Q

Normal Physiologic Function

A

Alignment and posture: Alignment is achieved when the joints and muscles are not experiencing extremes in extension or flexion or unusual stress; upright posture and movement require a balanced center of gravity.
Balance: Maintaining balance is a complex function of counteracting gravity and coordinating reflexes to maintain posture.
Coordinated movement: The cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia are responsible for the control of motor functions. (coordinated smooth movements, only skeletal)

121
Q

Risk Factors

A

Falls: risk increases as you age (anybody is at risk, post-op)
Risk for disuse syndrome (being sedentary)
Risk Assessment
weakness, fatigue, or distressing symptoms after routine exercise or activities; fall risk.
presence of current or chronic health problems that may limit mobility or decrease activity tolerance

122
Q

Physiologic Functioning in Mobility

A

Exercise: Exercise that actively requires alignment, posture, balance, and coordinated movement offers physiologic and psychological benefits.
Characteristics of movement
Full range of motion
AoRM
Active range of motion (doing it themself)
PoRM
Passive range of motion (nurse helping)
Balanced coordinated gait

123
Q

Factors Affecting Mobility

A

Lifestyle and habits: obesity (modifiable, diet)
Intact musculoskeletal system (modifiable with trauma and diseases→ diabetics)
Nervous system control (excitable)
Circulation and oxygenation: not enough oxygen getting to muscle → atrophy (hypertrophy by going to the gym and hydrating)
Energy (cluster activity based on energy level, CHF needs long periods of rest)
Congenital problems: born with a broken limb or weak muscles
Ex: Jerry Lewis: muscular dystrophy (progressive weakness in male children → may need ventilators and NG tubes)
Affective disorders
Therapeutic modalities

124
Q

Abduction

A

to keep the legs apart or “away” from each other

125
Q

Adduction

A

draw inward, or closer to the body

126
Q

Flexion

A

Flexion of the shoulder or hip is movement of the arm or leg forward

127
Q

Extension

A

increases the angle and straightens the joint.

128
Q

Transferring and lifting patients safely

A

Transfers
Lift teams
Hydraulic lifts
Ceiling lifts
Stand-up assist lifts
Two- or three-person lifts

129
Q

How to not hurt yourself

A

Use your knees when you bend
Raise bed to waist level

sophomore year slump (3 decks)

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